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Journal of Association of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

Performance Analysis of Physical Layer Key Generation Relying on Discrete Random Phase Injection

Mohammadreza Keshavarzi, Ali Kuhestani

Published Oct 1, 2024• 0 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.61186/jiaeee.21.3.47

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We analyze the performance of quantum key distribution (QKD) protocols that rely on discrete phase randomization (DPR). For many QKD protocols that rely on weak coherent pulses (WCPs), continuous phase randomization is assumed, which simplifies the security proofs for such protocols. However, it is challenging to achieve such a perfect phase randomization in practice. As an alternative, we can select a discrete set of global phase values for WCPs, but we need to redo the security analysis for such a source. While security proofs incorporating DPR have been established for several QKD protocols, they often rely on computationally intensive numerical optimizations. To address this issue, in this study, we derive analytical bounds on the secret key generation rate of BB84 and measurement-device-independent QKD protocols in the DPR setting. Our analytical bounds closely match the results obtained from more cumbersome numerical methods in the regions of interest.
Given the inherent constraint of low key generation rates in physical layer key generation schemes, mutual random phase injection is considered a viable solution for establishing common randomness quantities among legitimate nodes. This paper analyzes the confidentiality of a phase-based group key generation scheme for uncrewed aerial vehicle (UAV) communications, which is designed for a star topology and evaluated in a static environment. To this end, a geometric secrecy approach is utilized to determine both vulnerability and secrecy regions, incorporating a variety of eavesdropping strategies for a comprehensive analysis. In static environments characterized by a dominant line of sight (LoS), spatial correlation presents a security vulnerability in non-proximity regions. This issue is addressed using multiple carrier frequencies during the channel probing stage to enhance the secrecy regions. Accordingly, the extent of vulnerability regions is substantially affected by the selected carrier frequencies and the intervals between them. Furthermore, the analysis determined the significant dependence of the system’s optimal performance on the number of legitimate nodes and their spatial layouts. The performance of the proposed scheme is evaluated by analyzing both the required number of time slots for key generation and the bit mismatch rate (BMR), which is introduced to measure the quality of the generated keys. Moreover, the analysis confirms the randomness of the generated bit sequences via the NIST test suite and highlights the high scalability of our approach compared to existing work.
Mutual random phase injection can be considered an appropriate solution for tackling the low key generation rate issue in physical layer key generation schemes. In this paper, the confidentiality of a phase-based group secret key generation scheme has been analyzed by employing a geometric secrecy approach in a static environment. Accordingly, we exploit this approach to achieve some common randomness quantities in our group model. For this purpose, the process of key generation is defined for a star topology. Next, both vulnerability and secrecy regions are identified. To address the challenge of security vulnerability in non-proximity areas due to the spatial correlation in static environments with dominant line-of-sight (LoS), multiple carrier frequencies have been employed at the channel probing stage to enhance the secrecy regions. Finally, the key error probability is provided not only to establish an appropriate evaluation of the quality of the generated keys but also to show the efficiency of our proposed scheme in comparison with previous works.