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Quantum Science and Technology

Ramsey interferometry of nuclear spins in diamond using stimulated Raman adiabatic passage

Sean Lourette, Andrey Jarmola, Jabir Chathanathil, Sebastian Camilo Carrasco, Dmitry Budker, Svetlana Malinovskaya, A. Glen Birdwell, Tony Ivanov, Vladimir S. Malinovsky

Published Oct 30, 2024• 3 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Abstract We report the first experimental demonstration of stimulated Raman adiabatic passage (STIRAP) in nuclear-spin transitions of 14N within nitrogen-vacancy color centers in diamond. It is shown that the STIRAP technique suppresses the occupation of the intermediate state, which is a crucial factor for improvements in quantum sensing technology. Building on that advantage, we develop and implement a generalized version of the Ramsey interferometric scheme, employing half-STIRAP pulses to perform the necessary quantum-state manipulation with high fidelity. The enhanced robustness of the STIRAP-based Ramsey scheme to variations in the pulse parameters is experimentally demonstrated, showing good agreement with theoretical predictions. Our results pave the way for improving the long-term stability of diamond-based sensors, such as gyroscopes and frequency standards.

DOI
10.1088/2058-9565/ad8d07

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arXiv:1601.06058•Nature Communications•Aug 11, 2016•233 citations
Abstract We report the first experimental demonstration of stimulated Raman adiabatic passage (STIRAP) in nuclear-spin transitions of 14N within nitrogen-vacancy color centers in diamond. It is shown that the STIRAP technique suppresses the occupation of the intermediate state, which is a crucial factor for improvements in quantum sensing technology. Building on that advantage, we develop and implement a generalized version of the Ramsey interferometric scheme, employing half-STIRAP pulses to perform the necessary quantum-state manipulation with high fidelity. The enhanced robustness of the STIRAP-based Ramsey scheme to variations in the pulse parameters is experimentally demonstrated, showing good agreement with theoretical predictions. Our results pave the way for improving the long-term stability of diamond-based sensors, such as gyroscopes and frequency standards.
We report the first experimental demonstration of stimulated Raman adiabatic passage (STIRAP) in nuclear-spin transitions of 14^{14}14N within nitrogen-vacancy (NV) color centers in diamond. It is shown that the STIRAP technique suppresses the occupation of the intermediate state, which is a crucial factor for improvements in quantum sensing technology. Building on that advantage, we develop and implement a generalized version of the Ramsey interferometric scheme, employing half-STIRAP pulses to perform the necessary quantum-state manipulation with high fidelity. The enhanced robustness of the STIRAP-based Ramsey scheme to variations in the pulse parameters is experimentally demonstrated, showing good agreement with theoretical predictions. Our results pave the way for improving the long-term stability of diamond-based sensors, such as gyroscopes and frequency standards.
Nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond offer a promising solid-state platform for rotation sensing, operating across diverse environmental conditions. Our previous work demonstrated a rotation sensor utilizing 14N nuclear spins, detecting rotation via precession rate shifts [1]. This sensor employs direct optical polarization/readout and radio-frequency double-quantum Ramsey interferometry, eliminating microwave pulses. However, magnetic field, temperature, and RF pulse variations limit long-term stability. To enhance robustness, we developed two generalized Ramsey schemes: one utilizing stimulated Raman adiabatic passage (STIRAP) for pulse-area resilience [2], and a dynamical elimination protocol using modulated zero-pulse-area fields to control two-photon transitions and suppress single-photon excitations [3]. Experimental results demonstrate enhanced robustness against pulse parameter variations, yielding improved quantum state generation fidelities and robust Ramsey fringes insensitive to single-photon detuning. Our results pave the way for enhanced long-term stability in diamond-based sensors (clocks, gyroscopes, magnetometers), advancing quantum metrology and spectroscopy. Furthermore, we anticipate that the developed two-photon spectroscopy techniques will find widespread application in atomic, molecular, and spin systems, enabling robust control methods for quantum technology, including high-fidelity quantum gates, Ramsey spectroscopy, atom interferometry, and quantum sensing. [1] A. Jarmola, S. Lourette, V. M. Acosta, A. G. Birdwell, P. Blümler, D. Budker, T. Ivanov, V. S. Malinovsky, Sci. Adv. 7, eabl3840 (2021). [2] S. Lourette, A. Jarmola, J. Chathanathil, S. C. Carrasco, D. Budker, S. A. Malinovskaya, A. G. Birdwell, T. G. Ivanov, and V. S. Malinovsky, arXiv:2407.16057 (2024). [3] S. C. Carrasco, S. Lourette, I. Sola, V. S. Malinovsky, arXiv:2411.05670 (2024).
Microwave pulse sequences are the basis of coherent manipulation of the electronic spin ground state in nitrogen vacancy (NV) centers. In this work we demonstrate stimulated Raman transitions (SRTs) and stimulated Raman adiabatic passage (STIRAP), two ways to drive the dipole-forbidden transition between two spin sublevels in the electronic triplet ground state of the NV center. This driving is achieved by a two-photon Raman microwave pulse which simultaneously drives two detuned transitions via a virtual level for SRTs or via two adiabatic and partially overlapping resonant microwave pulses for STIRAP. We lay the theoretical framework of SRT and STIRAP dynamics and verify experimentally the theoretical predictions of population inversion by observing the dipole-forbidden transition in the ground state of a single NV center. A comparison of the two schemes showed better robustness and success of the spin swap for STIRAP compared to SRT.
Coherent manipulation of nuclear spins is a highly desirable tool for both quantum metrology and quantum computation. However, most of the current techniques to control nuclear spins lack fast speed, impairing their robustness against decoherence. Here, based on stimulated Raman adiabatic passage, and its modification including shortcuts to adiabaticity, we present a fast protocol for the coherent manipulation of nuclear spins. Our proposed $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}$ scheme is implemented in the microwave domain and its excited-state relaxation can be optically controlled through an external laser excitation. These features allow for the initialization of a nuclear spin starting from a thermal state. Moreover we show how to implement Raman control for performing Ramsey spectroscopy to measure the dynamical and geometric phases acquired by nuclear spins.
Gyroscopes find wide applications in everyday life from navigation and inertial sensing to rotation sensors in hand-held devices and automobiles. Current devices, based on either atomic or solid-state systems, impose a choice between long-time stability and high sensitivity in a miniaturized system. Here, we introduce a quantum sensor that overcomes these limitations by providing a sensitive and stable three-axis gyroscope in the solid state. We achieve high sensitivity by exploiting the long coherence time of the 14{}^{14}14N nuclear spin associated with the nitrogen-vacancy center in diamond, combined with the efficient polarization and measurement of its electronic spin. Although the gyroscope is based on a simple Ramsey interferometry scheme, we use coherent control of the quantum sensor to improve its coherence time and robustness against long-time drifts. Such a sensor can achieve a sensitivity of $\ensuremath{\eta}\ensuremath{\sim}0.5\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}(\mathrm{mdeg}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{s}}^{\ensuremath{-}1})/\sqrt{\mathrm{Hz}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{mm}}^{3}}$ while offering enhanced stability in a small footprint. In addition, we exploit the four axes of delocalization of the nitrogen-vacancy center to measure not only the rate of rotation, but also its direction, thus obtaining a compact three-axis gyroscope.
Accurate control of a quantum system is a fundamental requirement in many areas of modern science ranging from quantum information processing to high-precision measurements. A significantly important goal in quantum control is preparing a desired state as fast as possible, with sufficiently high fidelity allowed by available resources and experimental constraints. Stimulated Raman adiabatic passage (STIRAP) is a robust way to realize high-fidelity state transfer but it requires a sufficiently long operation time to satisfy the adiabatic criteria. Here we theoretically propose and then experimentally demonstrate a shortcut-to-adiabatic protocol to speed-up the STIRAP. By modifying the shapes of the Raman pulses, we experimentally realize a fast and high-fidelity stimulated Raman shortcut-to-adiabatic passage that is robust against control parameter variations. The all-optical, robust and fast protocol demonstrated here provides an efficient and practical way to control quantum systems.