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arXiv:2407.16057

Ramsey interferometry of nuclear spins in diamond using stimulated Raman adiabatic passage

Sean Lourette, Andrey Jarmola, Jabir Chathanathil, Sebastian Camilo Carrasco, Dmitry Budker, Svetlana Malinovskaya, A. Glen Birdwell, Tony Ivanov, Vladimir S. Malinovsky

Published Jul 22, 2024• 0 citations
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Abstract

We report the first experimental demonstration of stimulated Raman adiabatic passage (STIRAP) in nuclear-spin transitions of $^{14}$N within nitrogen-vacancy (NV) color centers in diamond. It is shown that the STIRAP technique suppresses the occupation of the intermediate state, which is a crucial factor for improvements in quantum sensing technology. Building on that advantage, we develop and implement a generalized version of the Ramsey interferometric scheme, employing half-STIRAP pulses to perform the necessary quantum-state manipulation with high fidelity. The enhanced robustness of the STIRAP-based Ramsey scheme to variations in the pulse parameters is experimentally demonstrated, showing good agreement with theoretical predictions. Our results pave the way for improving the long-term stability of diamond-based sensors, such as gyroscopes and frequency standards.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.2407.16057

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We report the first experimental demonstration of stimulated Raman adiabatic passage (STIRAP) in nuclear-spin transitions of 14^{14}14N within nitrogen-vacancy (NV) color centers in diamond. It is shown that the STIRAP technique suppresses the occupation of the intermediate state, which is a crucial factor for improvements in quantum sensing technology. Building on that advantage, we develop and implement a generalized version of the Ramsey interferometric scheme, employing half-STIRAP pulses to perform the necessary quantum-state manipulation with high fidelity. The enhanced robustness of the STIRAP-based Ramsey scheme to variations in the pulse parameters is experimentally demonstrated, showing good agreement with theoretical predictions. Our results pave the way for improving the long-term stability of diamond-based sensors, such as gyroscopes and frequency standards.
Abstract We report the first experimental demonstration of stimulated Raman adiabatic passage (STIRAP) in nuclear-spin transitions of 14N within nitrogen-vacancy color centers in diamond. It is shown that the STIRAP technique suppresses the occupation of the intermediate state, which is a crucial factor for improvements in quantum sensing technology. Building on that advantage, we develop and implement a generalized version of the Ramsey interferometric scheme, employing half-STIRAP pulses to perform the necessary quantum-state manipulation with high fidelity. The enhanced robustness of the STIRAP-based Ramsey scheme to variations in the pulse parameters is experimentally demonstrated, showing good agreement with theoretical predictions. Our results pave the way for improving the long-term stability of diamond-based sensors, such as gyroscopes and frequency standards.
Nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond offer a promising solid-state platform for rotation sensing, operating across diverse environmental conditions. Our previous work demonstrated a rotation sensor utilizing 14N nuclear spins, detecting rotation via precession rate shifts [1]. This sensor employs direct optical polarization/readout and radio-frequency double-quantum Ramsey interferometry, eliminating microwave pulses. However, magnetic field, temperature, and RF pulse variations limit long-term stability. To enhance robustness, we developed two generalized Ramsey schemes: one utilizing stimulated Raman adiabatic passage (STIRAP) for pulse-area resilience [2], and a dynamical elimination protocol using modulated zero-pulse-area fields to control two-photon transitions and suppress single-photon excitations [3]. Experimental results demonstrate enhanced robustness against pulse parameter variations, yielding improved quantum state generation fidelities and robust Ramsey fringes insensitive to single-photon detuning. Our results pave the way for enhanced long-term stability in diamond-based sensors (clocks, gyroscopes, magnetometers), advancing quantum metrology and spectroscopy. Furthermore, we anticipate that the developed two-photon spectroscopy techniques will find widespread application in atomic, molecular, and spin systems, enabling robust control methods for quantum technology, including high-fidelity quantum gates, Ramsey spectroscopy, atom interferometry, and quantum sensing. [1] A. Jarmola, S. Lourette, V. M. Acosta, A. G. Birdwell, P. Blümler, D. Budker, T. Ivanov, V. S. Malinovsky, Sci. Adv. 7, eabl3840 (2021). [2] S. Lourette, A. Jarmola, J. Chathanathil, S. C. Carrasco, D. Budker, S. A. Malinovskaya, A. G. Birdwell, T. G. Ivanov, and V. S. Malinovsky, arXiv:2407.16057 (2024). [3] S. C. Carrasco, S. Lourette, I. Sola, V. S. Malinovsky, arXiv:2411.05670 (2024).
Microwave pulse sequences are the basis of coherent manipulation of the electronic spin ground state in nitrogen vacancy (NV) centers. In this work we demonstrate stimulated Raman transitions (SRTs) and stimulated Raman adiabatic passage (STIRAP), two ways to drive the dipole-forbidden transition between two spin sublevels in the electronic triplet ground state of the NV center. This driving is achieved by a two-photon Raman microwave pulse which simultaneously drives two detuned transitions via a virtual level for SRTs or via two adiabatic and partially overlapping resonant microwave pulses for STIRAP. We lay the theoretical framework of SRT and STIRAP dynamics and verify experimentally the theoretical predictions of population inversion by observing the dipole-forbidden transition in the ground state of a single NV center. A comparison of the two schemes showed better robustness and success of the spin swap for STIRAP compared to SRT.
Coherent manipulation of nuclear spins is a highly desirable tool for both quantum metrology and quantum computation. However, most of the current techniques to control nuclear spins lack fast speed, impairing their robustness against decoherence. Here, based on stimulated Raman adiabatic passage, and its modification including shortcuts to adiabaticity, we present a fast protocol for the coherent manipulation of nuclear spins. Our proposed $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}$ scheme is implemented in the microwave domain and its excited-state relaxation can be optically controlled through an external laser excitation. These features allow for the initialization of a nuclear spin starting from a thermal state. Moreover we show how to implement Raman control for performing Ramsey spectroscopy to measure the dynamical and geometric phases acquired by nuclear spins.
Abstract Solid state spins have demonstrated significant potential in quantum sensing with applications including fundamental science, medical diagnostics and navigation. The quantum sensing schemes showing best performance under ambient conditions all utilize microwave or radio-frequency driving, which poses a significant limitation for miniaturization, energy efficiency, and non-invasiveness of quantum sensors. We overcome this limitation by demonstrating a purely optical approach to coherent quantum sensing. Our scheme involves the 15N nuclear spin of the Nitrogen-Vacancy (NV) center in diamond as a sensing resource, and exploits NV spin dynamics in oblique magnetic fields near the NV’s excited state level anti-crossing to optically pump the nuclear spin into a quantum superposition state. We demonstrate all-optical free-induction decay measurements—the key protocol for low-frequency quantum sensing—both on single spins and spin ensembles. Our results pave the way for highly compact quantum sensors to be employed for magnetometry or gyroscopy applications in challenging environments.
Exploring quantum technology to precisely measure physical quantities is a meaningful task for practical scientific researches. Here, we propose a novel quantum sensing model based on dressed states driving (DSD) in stimulated Raman adiabatic passage. The model is universal for sensing different physical quantities, such as magnetic field, mass, rotation and etc. For different sensors, the used systems can range from macroscopic scale, e.g. optomechanical systems, to microscopic nanoscale, e.g. nitrogen-vacancy color centres in diamond. By investigating the dynamics of color detuning of DSD passage, the results show the sensitivity of sensors can be enhanced by tuning system with more adiabatic and accelerated processes in non-degenerate and degenerate color detuning regime, respectively. To show application examples, we apply our approach to build optomechanical mass sensor and solid spin magnetometer with practical parameters.