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Faraday-Ramsey rotation measurement in a thin cell as an analogy to an atomic beam

Mark Dikopoltsev, Eliran Talker, Yefim Barash, Noa Mazurski, Uriel Levy

Published Oct 22, 2024• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Atomic beams offer measurement capabilities for hot vapors but often require complex, bulky systems, limiting miniaturization. This study explores hot vapors in thin cells (L=30,5 μm) as a simplified analogy to atomic beams. Coherence is maintained only for atoms moving parallel to the cell walls, as wall collisions randomize spin. By filtering non-parallel atoms, we mimic atomic beam behavior and observe the Faraday-Ramsey effect. Rubidium atoms are optically pumped with linearly polarized resonance radiation, evolving in a perpendicular magnetic field and probed via Faraday rotation. We believe that thin cell technology is paving the way for the miniaturization of atomic beam-based sensors.

DOI
10.1364/opticaopen.27267168

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Atomic beams offer measurement capabilities for hot vapors but often require complex, bulky systems, limiting miniaturization. This study explores hot vapors in thin cells (L=30,5 μm) as a simplified analogy to atomic beams. Coherence is maintained only for atoms moving parallel to the cell walls, as wall collisions randomize spin. By filtering non-parallel atoms, we mimic atomic beam behavior and observe the Faraday-Ramsey effect. Rubidium atoms are optically pumped with linearly polarized resonance radiation, evolving in a perpendicular magnetic field and probed via Faraday rotation. We believe that thin cell technology is paving the way for the miniaturization of atomic beam-based sensors.

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Atomic beams offer measurement capabilities for hot vapors but often require complex, bulky systems, limiting miniaturization. This study explores hot vapors in thin cells (L=30,5 μm) as a simplified analogy to atomic beams. Coherence is maintained only for atoms moving parallel to the cell walls, as wall collisions randomize spin. By filtering non-parallel atoms, we mimic atomic beam behavior and observe the Faraday-Ramsey effect. Rubidium atoms are optically pumped with linearly polarized resonance radiation, evolving in a perpendicular magnetic field and probed via Faraday rotation. We believe that thin cell technology is paving the way for the miniaturization of atomic beam-based sensors.
Atomic beams offer measurement capabilities for hot vapors but often require complex, bulky systems, limiting miniaturization. This study explores hot vapors in thin cells (L=30,5 μm) as a simplified analogy to atomic beams. Coherence is maintained only for atoms moving parallel to the cell walls, as wall collisions randomize spin. By filtering non-parallel atoms, we mimic atomic beam behavior and observe the Faraday-Ramsey effect. Rubidium atoms are optically pumped with linearly polarized resonance radiation, evolving in a perpendicular magnetic field and probed via Faraday rotation. We believe that thin cell technology is paving the way for the miniaturization of atomic beam-based sensors.
Atomic beams are powerful tools for measuring spin coherence in hot vapors but require bulky setups, limiting device miniaturization. We demonstrate that micron-thin vapor cells can mimic atomic beam behavior by exploiting geometry-dependent velocity filtering. In a 5 μm rubidium cell, coherence is preserved for atoms moving parallel to the cell walls, enabling observation of the Faraday-Ramsey effect without buffer gas or anti-relaxation coatings. Using a spatially displaced pump-probe scheme and magnetic field scanning, we achieve clear Ramsey fringes and validate our model experimentally. This technique offers a compact alternative to atomic beam systems, supporting scalable sensors and frequency standards.
ABSTRACT Atomic beams are powerful tools for measuring fundamental physical constants, probing atomic interactions, and developing precision metrology techniques such as atomic clocks and interferometry. However, most atomic‐beam devices are bulky, which limits their miniaturization. Recent efforts toward the miniaturization of atomic beams have been reported (see, Ref. [10]). Here, we demonstrate an alternative approach, showing that micrometer‐scale vapor cells can emulate atomic‐beam behavior through geometry‐dependent velocity filtering. Specifically, in a 5‐µm‐thick rubidium vapor cell, coherence is preserved for atoms moving parallel to the cell walls, enabling observation of the Faraday–Ramsey effect in the absence of buffer gas or anti‐relaxation coatings. Using a spatially displaced pump–probe scheme and magnetic‐field scanning, we observe distinct Ramsey fringes in excellent agreement with the theoretical model. This technique enables compact implementations of Faraday–Ramsey measurements in microfabricated alkali‐vapor cells.
This paper reports the development and characterization of an atomic magnetometer with a microfabricatedRb atomic vapour cell as the sensing element. The measurement principle is based on the Faraday rotation of linearly polarized probe light, which interacts resonantly with atomic spin states in the presence of a magnetic field. In the chip-scale vapour cell (dimensions: 8.0 mm × 12.0 mm × 1.5 mm), the atomic vapour is confined to a micromachined optical cavity of 3.5 µL with an optical path length of 0.5 mm. Optical interrogation is performed using a single laser beam tuned to the D1 absorption resonance of ⁸⁵Rb. The rotation arises due to magnetically induced circular birefringence in the hot atomic vapour. A bench model of the magnetometer is demonstrated over a measurement range of ±50 µT with a maximum uncertainty of 800 nT in an unshielded environment. The magneto-optic rotation (MOR) response in the laboratory was investigated and is observed to vary from 5×10³ rad/T for near zero magnetic field to 3.2×10³ rad/T for ambient geomagnetic field.
We demonstrate an ultra-high sensitivity rf optical magnetometer based on a compact 5×5×8 mm3 Rubidium-87 vapor cell in a mu-metal shielded environment. The rf field is detected via a Faraday rotation effect on the linear polarization of a probe beam, and the resonance frequency is tuned via Zeeman effect by applying a static bias magnetic field to the cell. Sensitivities down to 3 fT/√Hz are achieved between 10 kHz and 100 kHz, which is a performance comparable to that of prior larger cells. An increase in the sensitivity with frequency and temperature has been observed.