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Rb microfabricated cells for a two-photon optical frequency reference

Martin Callejo, Rémy Vicarini, Andrei Mursa, Philippe Abbé, Emmanuel Klinger, Nicolas Passilly, Rodolphe Boudot

Published Jun 18, 2023• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

Miniaturized vapor cell optical clocks based on the use of the two photon absorption transition (TPT) of the Rb atom at 778 nm have recently demonstrated remarkable stability results.

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A Rb microcell frequency reference based on two-photon transition at 778 nm

Martin Callejo, Andrei Mursa, Rémy Vicarini +3 more

Modern communication and navigation systems can significantly benefit from the integration of compact atomic clocks. In this domain, microcell vapor cell optical clocks based on the Rb atom Doppler-free two photon absorption (TPA) at 778 nm are attractive candidates. Best prototypes have shown frequency stability levels of 1.8x10-13 at 1 s, averaging down to the 10-14 range1,2.

•Jun 25, 2024•0 citations

Short-term stability of a microcell optical reference based on Rb atom two-photon transition at 778 nm

Martin Callejo, Andrei Mursa, Rémy Vicarini +5 more

We report on the development and short-term stability characterization of an optical frequency reference based on the spectroscopy of the rubidium two-photon transition at 778 nm in a microfabricated vapor cell. When compared against a 778 nm reference signal extracted from a frequency-doubled cavity-stabilized telecom laser, the short-term stability of the microcell frequency standard is 3.5 $\times$ 10$^{-13}$ $τ^{-1/2}$ until 200~s, in good agreement with a phase noise level of $+$ 43 dBrad$^2$/Hz at 1~Hz offset frequency. The two main contributions to the short-term stability of the microcell reference are currently the photon shot noise and the intermodulation effect induced by the laser frequency noise. With still a relevant margin of progress, these results show the interest of this spectroscopic approach for the demonstration of high-stability miniaturized optical vapor cell clocks. Such clocks are poised to be highly beneficial for applications in navigation, communications, and metrology.

arXiv:2407.00841•Jun 30, 2024•0 citations

Short-term stability of a microcell optical reference based on the Rb atom two-photon transition at 778 nm

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We report on the development and short-term stability characterization of an optical frequency reference based on the spectroscopy of the rubidium two-photon transition at 778 nm in a microfabricated vapor cell. When compared against a 778 nm reference signal extracted from a frequency-doubled cavity-stabilized telecom laser, the short-term stability of the microcell frequency standard is 3.5×10−13τ−1/2 until 200 s, in good agreement with a phase noise level of +43dBrad2/Hz at 1 Hz offset frequency. The two main contributions to the short-term stability of the microcell reference are currently the photon shot noise and the intermodulation effect induced by the laser frequency noise. Retaining a relevant margin of progress, these results show the interest of this spectroscopic approach for the demonstration of high-stability miniaturized optical vapor cell clocks. Such clocks are poised to be highly beneficial for applications in navigation, communications, and metrology.

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Doppler-free two-photon absorption spectroscopy is employed to characterize the purity of rubidium vapor micro-fabricated cells. The observed broadening suggests the presence of impurities and contaminants in the cell.

•May 15, 2023•0 citations

A Comprehensive Review of Rubidium Two-Photon Vapor Cell Optical Clock: Long-Term Performance Limitations and Potential Improvements

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Two-photon vapor cell-based optical clocks are strong candidates for next-generation portable atomic standards, offering simplicity, compactness, and high performance. Their narrow clock transitions with counter-propagating beams enable first-order Doppler-free operation. However, systematic perturbations such as the AC Stark shift, temperature-induced shift, and drifts resulting from the laser system pose challenges cause instabilities to medium- to long-term performance. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of Rb two-photon vapor cell optical standards, focusing on the long-term performance-limiting effects and potential mitigation strategies, aiming for clock stabilities better than 1 × 10−15 over the averaging time of a day and beyond.

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Frequency stability of an optical frequency standard at 192.6 THz based on a two-photon transition of rubidium atoms

M. Poulin, Christine Latrasse, Driss Touahri +1 more

Optics Communications•Jun 1, 2002•42 citations
We report on the development and short-term stability characterization of an optical frequency reference based on the spectroscopy of the rubidium two-photon transition at 778 nm in a microfabricated vapor cell. When compared against a 778 nm reference signal extracted from a frequency-doubled cavity-stabilized telecom laser, the short-term stability of the microcell frequency standard is 3.5 ×\times× 10−13^{-13}−13 τ−1/2τ^{-1/2}τ−1/2 until 200~s, in good agreement with a phase noise level of +++ 43 dBrad2^22/Hz at 1~Hz offset frequency. The two main contributions to the short-term stability of the microcell reference are currently the photon shot noise and the intermodulation effect induced by the laser frequency noise. With still a relevant margin of progress, these results show the interest of this spectroscopic approach for the demonstration of high-stability miniaturized optical vapor cell clocks. Such clocks are poised to be highly beneficial for applications in navigation, communications, and metrology.
We report on the development and short-term stability characterization of an optical frequency reference based on the spectroscopy of the rubidium two-photon transition at 778 nm in a microfabricated vapor cell. When compared against a 778 nm reference signal extracted from a frequency-doubled cavity-stabilized telecom laser, the short-term stability of the microcell frequency standard is 3.5×10−13τ−1/2 until 200 s, in good agreement with a phase noise level of +43dBrad2/Hz at 1 Hz offset frequency. The two main contributions to the short-term stability of the microcell reference are currently the photon shot noise and the intermodulation effect induced by the laser frequency noise. Retaining a relevant margin of progress, these results show the interest of this spectroscopic approach for the demonstration of high-stability miniaturized optical vapor cell clocks. Such clocks are poised to be highly beneficial for applications in navigation, communications, and metrology.
Two-photon vapor cell-based optical clocks are strong candidates for next-generation portable atomic standards, offering simplicity, compactness, and high performance. Their narrow clock transitions with counter-propagating beams enable first-order Doppler-free operation. However, systematic perturbations such as the AC Stark shift, temperature-induced shift, and drifts resulting from the laser system pose challenges cause instabilities to medium- to long-term performance. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of Rb two-photon vapor cell optical standards, focusing on the long-term performance-limiting effects and potential mitigation strategies, aiming for clock stabilities better than 1 × 10−15 over the averaging time of a day and beyond.