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Physics Letters A

Connection between weak measurement in quantum physics and analytic phase retrieval in classical wave optics

Nobuharu Nakajima

Published Oct 9, 2024• 2 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1016/j.physleta.2024.129971

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The physical interpretation of weak measurements has been the subject of much debate. It is known that anomalous phenomena and results that appear in weak measurements are essentially related to the phase of the quantum system being measured. Consideration of the phase is important to clarify its physical interpretation. In classical wave optics, there has long been studies on methods of measuring or retrieving the phase of a wave function. We here present that one of those methods, the analytic phase retrieval based on the properties of entire functions, has a close connection with weak measurements in quantum physics. We explain such a connection for two emblematic optical weak-measurements that have the same mathematical formalism as quantum systems: one is a system for weak measurements of polarized light displacement in a birefringent crystal, and the other is a system for the direct measurement of a wave function by weakly coupling it to a pointer. In those two systems, we show that the pre- and post-selection of polarized light provides a filtering effect similar to that utilized in the analytic phase retrieval.

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The physical interpretation of weak measurements has been the subject of much debate. It is known that anomalous phenomena and results that appear in weak measurements are essentially related to the phase of the quantum system being measured. Consideration of the phase is important to clarify its physical interpretation. In classical wave optics, there has long been studies on methods of measuring or retrieving the phase of a wave function. We here present that one of those methods, the analytic phase retrieval based on the properties of entire functions, has a close connection with weak measurements in quantum physics. We explain such a connection for two emblematic optical weak-measurements that have the same mathematical formalism as quantum systems: one is a system for weak measurements of polarized light displacement in a birefringent crystal, and the other is a system for the direct measurement of a wave function by weakly coupling it to a pointer. In those two systems, we show that the pre- and post-selection of polarized light provides a filtering effect similar to that utilized in the analytic phase retrieval.
Abstract Even though weak measurements and weak value amplification (WVA) are founded on the principles of quantum mechanics and quantum measurements, these have found widespread applications in optics due to their inherent origin in wave interference. Besides their use in addressing foundational questions of quantum mechanics or for resolving quantum paradoxes, weak measurements and WVA have thus been used for numerous metrological applications, e.g., quantification of small optical beam displacement, tiny angular rotation, determination of extremely small phase shifts, spectral shifts, unraveling weak fundamental optical effects, improved optical imaging, amplifying weak signal and extracting small physical parameters and so forth. In this review, after providing the mathematical foundation of weak measurement and WVA, some of the metrological applications of weak measurements in the classical optics domain are briefly summarized, and the controversies and debates on the potential advantages of WVA in the estimation and detection of weak signal are discussed, and the interferometric philosophy of WVA is elucidated. The experimental weak measurement and WVA schemes in the domain of quantum optics are also discussed and highlighted the new perspectives and emerging trends of weak measurements in both the classical and quantum optics domain and their prospects in the development of next‐generation ultra‐sensitive optical devices.
The advantage of attosecond measurements is the possibility of time-resolving ultrafast quantum phenomena of electron dynamics. Many such measurements are of interferometric nature, and therefore give access to the phase. Likewise, weak measurements are intrinsically interferometric and specifically take advantage of interfering probability amplitudes, therefore encoding the phase information of the process. In this work, we show that attosecond interferometry experiments can be seen as a weak measurement, which unveils how this notion is connected to strong field physics and attosecond science. In particular, we show how the electron trajectory picks up a new phase, which occurs due to the weak measurement of the process. This phase can show significant contributions in the presence of spectral features of the measured system. Furthermore, extending this approach to include non-classical driving fields shows that the generated harmonics exhibit non-trivial features in their quantum state and photon statistics. This opens the path towards investigations of attosecond quantum interferometry experiments.