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Quantum Communications and Quantum Imaging

All-photonic approaches to quantum repeaters

Koji Azuma

Published Oct 4, 2024• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

If a world-wide quantum network is established only with optical devices, it leads to a cost-efficient high-speed quantum internet in the future. It is natural to imagine that such an all-optical network is composed of various protocols specialized in intracity, intercity and intercontinental quantum communication. Here I will talk about recent rapid progress on this kind of all-photonic approach towards the quantum internet.

DOI
10.1117/12.3028166

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If a world-wide quantum network is established only with optical devices, it leads to a cost-efficient high-speed quantum internet in the future. It is natural to imagine that such an all-optical network is composed of various protocols specialized in intracity, intercity and intercontinental quantum communication. Here I will talk about recent rapid progress on this kind of all-photonic approach towards the quantum internet.
Quantum networking, heralded as the next frontier in communication networks, envisions a realm where quantum computers and devices collaborate to unlock capabilities beyond what is possible with the Internet. A critical component for realizing a long-distance quantum network, and ultimately, the Quantum Internet, is the quantum repeater. As with the race to build a scalable quantum computer with different technologies, various schemes exist for building quantum repeaters. This article offers a gentle introduction to the two-way “all-photonic quantum repeaters,” a recent addition to quantum repeater technologies. In contrast to conventional approaches, these repeaters eliminate the need for quantum memories, offering the dual benefits of higher repetition rates and intrinsic tolerance to both quantum operational errors and photon losses. Using visualization and simple rules for manipulating graph states, we describe how all-photonic quantum repeaters work. We discuss the problem of the increased volume of classical communication required by this scheme, which places a huge processing requirement on the end nodes. We address this problem by presenting a solution that decreases the amount of classical communication by three orders of magnitude. We conclude by highlighting other key open challenges in translating the theoretical all-photonic framework into real-world implementation, providing insights into the practical considerations and future research directions of all-photonic quantum repeater technology.
I will give my personal perspective on recent progress in quantum networks and quantum communication, including some mentions of efforts towards distributed quantum computing. In this context of moving towards a global 'quantum internet', I will discuss some of our own recent work on quantum repeaters, quantum memories, quantum transducers, and sources of entanglement. I will discuss approaches to the quantum internet involving satellites. Finally I will also briefly talk about our work on the question whether there could be quantum networks in our brains.
Quantum communication researchers have achieved significant progress during the recent decades and quantum networking has shown promise in terms of improving the overall functional benefits of the Internet and enabling applications with no counterpart in the classical world. It is a breakthrough technology towards the unimaginable future. In a quantum network, the source and destination may be connected by quantum repeaters/routers for facilitating qubit transmissions. The quantum network of the future is envisaged to pervade the entire globe, relying on terrestrial components, satellites, airplanes, ships and other vehicles. It is anticipated that it will support nearly unconditional security, super-computing power, large network capacity-even at high velocity-and privacy.
We have seen remarkable progress made over the last decade in the realization and exploitation of small-scale quantum communication technologies. The community is now at the stage where we need to consider how quantum repeaters and their associated networks are efficiently designed and implemented. This first requires us to define what a quantum repeater actually is and what functionality it requires. Associated with this is also the issue of its performance and when it is better than non-repeater approaches. In this talk, we explore such issues by taking incites from the conventional telecommunication world and use them to establish a framework for what quantum repeaters are and how their performance can be established. As part of this we clearly show that non-repeater approaches can exceed the direct transmission bounds. We extend these concepts to quantum networks and show one must be extremely careful when establishing the optimal communication bounds within them.
Quantum technology is now at a point where practical work can begin on creating the quantum internet. However, numerous challenges must be overcome before this vision becomes a reality. A global-scale quantum internet requires the development of the quantum repeater, a device that stores and manipulates qubits while interacting with or emitting entangled photons. This review examines different approaches to quantum repeaters and networks, covering their conceptual frameworks, architectures, and current progress in experimental implementation.
Recent field demonstrations of quantum key distribution (QKD) networks hold promise for unconditionally secure communication. However, owing to loss in optical fibres, the length of point-to-point links is limited to a hundred kilometers, restricting the QKD networks to intracity. A natural way to expand the QKD network in a secure manner is to connect it to another one in a different city with quantum repeaters. But, this solution is overengineered unless such a backbone connection is intercontinental. Here we present a QKD protocol that could supersede even quantum repeaters for connecting QKD networks in different cities below 800 km distant. Nonetheless, in contrast to quantum repeaters, this protocol uses only a single intermediate node with optical devices, requiring neither quantum memories nor quantum error correction. Our all-photonic 'intercity' QKD protocol bridges large gaps between the conventional intracity QKD networks and the future intercontinental quantum repeaters, conceptually and technologically.