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IEEE Electron Device Letters

Mechanically Tunable Broadband Electric Field Enhancement Resonator for Quantum Microwave Measurements

Zhiqian Wan, Yi Lin, Kai Yang, Yunqi Fu

Published Sep 4, 2024• 5 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Quantum microwave measurement based on Rydberg atoms is a novel microwave measurement technique. To improve its measurement sensitivity over a broadband, this letter presents a mechanically tunable electric field enhancement device, loaded on the the vapor cell. By adjusting the length of the split ring resonator, an electric field enhancement capability of more than 30 dB over a bandwidth of 0.52 GHz to 1.54 GHz is realized in simulation. The experimental results show that its resonance frequency covers from 0.52 GHz to 1.86 GHz with a relative bandwidth of 113%, exhibiting excellent broadband performance. This broadband electric field enhancement device is expected to further improve the performance of quantum microwave measurements.

DOI
10.1109/led.2024.3454356

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Quantum microwave measurement based on Rydberg atoms is a novel microwave measurement technique. To improve its measurement sensitivity over a broadband, this letter presents a mechanically tunable electric field enhancement device, loaded on the the vapor cell. By adjusting the length of the split ring resonator, an electric field enhancement capability of more than 30 dB over a bandwidth of 0.52 GHz to 1.54 GHz is realized in simulation. The experimental results show that its resonance frequency covers from 0.52 GHz to 1.86 GHz with a relative bandwidth of 113%, exhibiting excellent broadband performance. This broadband electric field enhancement device is expected to further improve the performance of quantum microwave measurements.
The quantum microwave measurement technique based on Rydberg atoms enables the measurement of microwave electric field over an ultrawide frequency range. To improve the sensitivity while maintaining its broadband characteristics, we propose a tunable local electric field enhancement resonator loaded with varactor diodes. Simulation results show that the tunable frequency covers from 305 MHz to 455 MHz and the electric field enhancement multiplier is higher than 40 dB. Experimental test results based on the AC Stark effect demonstrate that the resonator has the electric field enhancement capability from 323 MHz to 443 MHz by changing the bias voltage of the varactor diode. This tunable electric field enhancement resonator is expected to improve the ability of quantum microwave technology in broadband measurements.
Quantum microwave measurement techniques based on Rydberg atoms have the advantages of self-calibration, low interference with external electric fields, and a wide range of measurement frequencies. However, the current quantum microwave sensitivity measurement capability is not yet comparable to that of classical receivers. Loading the electric field enhancement structure outside the vapor cell can effectively improve its sensitivity, but at the same time, it also leads to the narrowing of the measurement bandwidth. To fully utilize the advantages of quantum microwave measurement technology, we propose a tunable local electric field enhancement structure by combining a varactor diode, its tuning frequency covers 0.286 to 0.427 GHz, and the electric field enhancement ranges from 120 to 712.
The quantum microwave measurement technique based on Rydberg atoms has the significant advantages of traceability and self-calibration. To improve the measurement sensitivity of this technique, the electric field local enhancement structure based on microwave resonators has been proposed. However, most electric field local enhancement structures work only at a single frequency. In this paper, a dual-frequency electric field local enhancement structure based on double split-ring resonators (DSRR) is proposed. The simulation results show that the structure achieves 27 dB and 33 dB enhancement of electric field strength at 1.17 GHz and 1.74 GHz with local enhancement and uniform enhancement of the electric field at the cell, respectively. For experimental tests, it is verified that the structure has an electric field local enhancement effect at dual frequencies by the AC Stark effect and the superheterodyne signal reception method based on Rydberg atoms, effectively improving the sensitivity of quantum microwave measurements.
We demonstrate a method for broadband tunable continuous frequency electric field measurement based on the DC Stark effect in Rydberg atoms. In our experiment, we place a pair of parallel electrode plates inside the atomic vapor cell, utilizing the DC Stark effect to induce splitting and shifting of the Rydberg energy levels, thereby altering the resonance frequency of the Stark subpeaks. By employing the 52D5/2 Rydberg state, we achieve electric field measurements in the frequency range of 5.083–14.470 GHz. At an EDC of 3.45 V/cm and a resonant microwave frequency of 14.470 GHz, using heterodyne technology, the microwave electric field sensitivity is 538.89 μV/cm/√Hz, with a linear dynamic range of 23 dB. In comparison, a Rydberg heterodyne receiver with an EDC of 0 V/cm and a resonant microwave frequency of 5.083 GHz has a sensitivity of 5.43 μV/cm/√Hz and a linear dynamic range of 51 dB. This work will promote the study of atomic microwave receivers in continuous microwave frequency measurement.
Rydberg atomic receivers (RARs) have emerged in the field of quantum precision measurement due to high sensitivity and self-calibration. In this letter, we demonstrate a compact tunable enhancement resonator (CTER) for enhancing the detective sensitivity of the RAR. The resonator consists of two printed circuit board (PCB) substrates and a copper tuning column, which achieves resonant frequency variation by continuously sliding the copper tuning column. During the measurement, we have achieved electric field enhancement in the 210 MHz to 308.6 MHz band with a relative bandwidth of 38%\%%and the enhancement factor ranging from 38 dB to 47 dB. By adjusting the height of the CTER, different sizes of atomic vapor cells can be accommodated while maintaining good enhancement. In theoff-resonant region, the detective sensitivity of the RAR with and without CTER at 223.7 MHz were measured at 179.37 nV⋅cm−1\cdot {\text{cm}}^{-1}⋅cm−1$ \cdot {\text{Hz}}^{-1/2}and40.16and 40.16and40.16\muVVV\cdotcm−1\text{cm}^{-1}cm−1 \cdot {\text{Hz}}^{-1/2}byutilizingtheRydbergatomicheterodynetechnique,respectively.Furthermore,theCTERdisplaysacompactelectricalsize,approximately3.37×10by utilizing the Rydberg atomic heterodyne technique, respectively. Furthermore, the CTER displays a compact electrical size, approximately 3.37× 10byutilizingtheRydbergatomicheterodynetechnique,respectively.Furthermore,theCTERdisplaysacompactelectricalsize,approximately3.37×10^{-5}$λ3\lambda ^{3}λ3in comparison to other resonators, which facilitates the miniaturization and integration of the RAR. Its remarkable resonance characteristics and broadband tuning capability provide support for achieving high-sensitivity and broadband quantum microwave measurements.
Abstract Rydberg‐atom electrometers have the remarkable advantages of self‐calibration and high sensitivity. Based on the classical electromagnetic theory, a localized electric field enhancement structure of a hybrid rectangular resonator (RR) is proposed to improve the sensitivity of quantum microwave measurement. It should be noted that the prototype of the hybrid RR is fabricated and measured at 9.925 GHz. The results of full‐wave simulations show that the uniform and high electric field enhancement in the TE101 fundamental mode is realized. The transient process of resonance is simultaneously simulated, and the time to settle steady state is given as about 104 ns. As indicated through experimental results that the structure can reach 24 dB (enhancement factor of 15.8). As a result, the method proposed in this study, based on atomic measurement capabilities, enables us to improve the measurement sensitivity further and promotes the practical development of quantum microwave measurement technology.