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IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters

Design of a Dual-Frequency Electric Field Local Enhancement Structure for Quantum Microwave Measurements

Zhiqian Wan, Yi Lin, Bo Wu, Ruiqi Mao, Yunqi Fu

Published Mar 21, 2024• 6 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The quantum microwave measurement technique based on Rydberg atoms has the significant advantages of traceability and self-calibration. To improve the measurement sensitivity of this technique, the electric field local enhancement structure based on microwave resonators has been proposed. However, most electric field local enhancement structures work only at a single frequency. In this paper, a dual-frequency electric field local enhancement structure based on double split-ring resonators (DSRR) is proposed. The simulation results show that the structure achieves 27 dB and 33 dB enhancement of electric field strength at 1.17 GHz and 1.74 GHz with local enhancement and uniform enhancement of the electric field at the cell, respectively. For experimental tests, it is verified that the structure has an electric field local enhancement effect at dual frequencies by the AC Stark effect and the superheterodyne signal reception method based on Rydberg atoms, effectively improving the sensitivity of quantum microwave measurements.

DOI
10.1109/lawp.2024.3380075

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The quantum microwave measurement technique based on Rydberg atoms has the significant advantages of traceability and self-calibration. To improve the measurement sensitivity of this technique, the electric field local enhancement structure based on microwave resonators has been proposed. However, most electric field local enhancement structures work only at a single frequency. In this paper, a dual-frequency electric field local enhancement structure based on double split-ring resonators (DSRR) is proposed. The simulation results show that the structure achieves 27 dB and 33 dB enhancement of electric field strength at 1.17 GHz and 1.74 GHz with local enhancement and uniform enhancement of the electric field at the cell, respectively. For experimental tests, it is verified that the structure has an electric field local enhancement effect at dual frequencies by the AC Stark effect and the superheterodyne signal reception method based on Rydberg atoms, effectively improving the sensitivity of quantum microwave measurements.
Quantum microwave measurement techniques based on Rydberg atoms have the advantages of self-calibration, low interference with external electric fields, and a wide range of measurement frequencies. However, the current quantum microwave sensitivity measurement capability is not yet comparable to that of classical receivers. Loading the electric field enhancement structure outside the vapor cell can effectively improve its sensitivity, but at the same time, it also leads to the narrowing of the measurement bandwidth. To fully utilize the advantages of quantum microwave measurement technology, we propose a tunable local electric field enhancement structure by combining a varactor diode, its tuning frequency covers 0.286 to 0.427 GHz, and the electric field enhancement ranges from 120 to 712.
The quantum microwave measurement technique based on Rydberg atoms enables the measurement of microwave electric field over an ultrawide frequency range. To improve the sensitivity while maintaining its broadband characteristics, we propose a tunable local electric field enhancement resonator loaded with varactor diodes. Simulation results show that the tunable frequency covers from 305 MHz to 455 MHz and the electric field enhancement multiplier is higher than 40 dB. Experimental test results based on the AC Stark effect demonstrate that the resonator has the electric field enhancement capability from 323 MHz to 443 MHz by changing the bias voltage of the varactor diode. This tunable electric field enhancement resonator is expected to improve the ability of quantum microwave technology in broadband measurements.
Abstract Rydberg‐atom electrometers have the remarkable advantages of self‐calibration and high sensitivity. Based on the classical electromagnetic theory, a localized electric field enhancement structure of a hybrid rectangular resonator (RR) is proposed to improve the sensitivity of quantum microwave measurement. It should be noted that the prototype of the hybrid RR is fabricated and measured at 9.925 GHz. The results of full‐wave simulations show that the uniform and high electric field enhancement in the TE101 fundamental mode is realized. The transient process of resonance is simultaneously simulated, and the time to settle steady state is given as about 104 ns. As indicated through experimental results that the structure can reach 24 dB (enhancement factor of 15.8). As a result, the method proposed in this study, based on atomic measurement capabilities, enables us to improve the measurement sensitivity further and promotes the practical development of quantum microwave measurement technology.
Quantum microwave measurement based on Rydberg atoms is a novel microwave measurement technique. To improve its measurement sensitivity over a broadband, this letter presents a mechanically tunable electric field enhancement device, loaded on the the vapor cell. By adjusting the length of the split ring resonator, an electric field enhancement capability of more than 30 dB over a bandwidth of 0.52 GHz to 1.54 GHz is realized in simulation. The experimental results show that its resonance frequency covers from 0.52 GHz to 1.86 GHz with a relative bandwidth of 113%, exhibiting excellent broadband performance. This broadband electric field enhancement device is expected to further improve the performance of quantum microwave measurements.
Rydberg atom-based microwave measurement technology has gained attention for its self-calibration, high sensitivity, and wide frequency response. To enhance sensitivity, resonators are typically employed for localized electric field enhancement. With the introduction of AC/DC Stark tuning and laser scanning techniques, resonator designs have been developed to support extended frequency coverage. However, these require sequential scanning or switching to cover the target range, limiting their applicability in passband-wide, multi-frequency detection. To address this issue, this paper proposes a cascaded cavity resonator (CCR) that enables continuous field enhancement within the target S-band range. A theoretical model was established and the key dimensions were optimized via COMSOL-based simulation of the vapor cell's spatial field distribution. Subsequently, validation through Autler-Townes (AT) effect and heterodyne technology confirms that the proposed structure enhances sensitivity by$ \geq$27.2 dB within the 2.781-3.008 GHz bandwidth. This work supports systematic exploration of Rydberg-atom response across a broader spectral range and enables multi-frequency detection without stepwise tuning.
High-sensitivity amplitude and frequency detection of microwave electric fields is of significant importance in various fields, including communications, microwave quantum technology, aerospace, medicine, and meteorology. Rydberg atom-based sensors promise traceable standards and high sensitivity for detecting weak electric fields and enhancing sensing sensitivity, mainly by using superheterodyne technology and resonant structures. Detecting high-frequency (HF) band fields with high sensitivity using Rydberg atom sensors is a significant challenge due to the requirement of exciting atoms to extremely high energy states for resonant detection. We demonstrate the off-resonant Rydberg atomic superheterodyne architecture with additional resonators for greatly enhancing the sensing sensitivity to HF band fields. In this approach, we propose a miniaturized square spiral resonator with an electrical size of$0.011~\lambda $at 15.54 MHz. To reduce the electric-field-screening effect of the adsorption of alkali metal atoms, we use a monocrystalline sapphire cesium (Cs) vapor cell. By utilizing the off-resonant alternating current (ac) Stark effect, the initial sensitivity of the Rydberg atom sensor without the resonator is measured to be10.39 μV/cmHz10.39~\mu \text {V/cm}\sqrt {\text {Hz}}10.39 μV/cmHz​at room temperature. With the addition of the miniaturized square spiral resonator, the sensitivity significantly improved to2.60 nV/cmHz2.60~\text {nV/cm}\sqrt {\text {Hz}}2.60 nV/cmHz​, which has been inaccessible so far with atomic sensors. Here, we provide an enhancement of 72 dB, which is three orders of magnitude improvement in sensitivity than when the resonator is not used. This enhancement resonator extends Rydberg atomic high-sensitivity sensing to the HF band and shows great potential, especially in shortwave radio reception.