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Quantum 2.0 Conference and Exhibition

Experimental Device-independent Certification of GHZ States

Mariana M. E. Schmid, Michael Antesberger, Huan Cao, Wenhao Zhang, Borivoje Dakić, Lee A. Rozema, Philip John Walther

Published Jan 1, 2024• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

We experimentally demonstrate a device-independent verification and certification of tripartite GHZ states in a sample-efficient way. Our high-performance table-top multiphoton source promises high fidelity and high confidence level, by consuming only a few hundred samples.
DOI
10.1364/quantum.2024.qm2c.7

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Code : Experimental sample-efficient and device-independent GHZ state certification

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This repository contains the code to analyze the experimental data used for the Sample Efficient Device-Independent (DI) Certification project https://arxiv.org/abs/2407.13529 Data are available here : https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.z08kprrv4

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The certification of quantum resources is a critical tool in the development of quantum information processing. In particular, quantum state verification is a fundamental building block for communication and computation applications, determining whether the involved parties can trust the resources at hand or whether the application should be aborted. Self-testing methods have been used to tackle such verification tasks in a device-independent (DI) setting. However, these approaches commonly consider the limit of large (asymptotic), independent and identically distributed (IID) samples, which weakens the DI claim and poses serious challenges to their experimental implementation. Here, we overcome these challenges by adopting a theoretical protocol, enabling the certification of quantum states in the few-copies and non-IID regime and by leveraging a high-fidelity multipartite entangled photon source. This allows us to show the efficient and DI certification of a single copy of a four-qubit GHZ state that can readily be used for the robust and reliable implementation of quantum information tasks.
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Standard quantum verification and certification protocols often assume that experimental sources emit independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) states. In realistic scenarios, however, temporal drift, memory effects, feedback, and correlated noise can violate this assumption, causing standard analyses to underestimate uncertainty and overestimate device performance. Here, we introduce a general framework for quantum verification and certification in which the state produced in each round may depend arbitrarily on the preceding experimental history. Our method provides rigorous confidence intervals for observable expectation values averaged over the experimental trajectory. The framework covers both full verification, in which every state is measured, and spot-checking certification, in which a randomly selected subset is tested to certify the average observable value of the complementary, remaining systems. We apply the framework to importance-sampled Pauli measurements for direct fidelity estimation, energy estimation, and entanglement witnessing, and to classical shadows, allowing multiple observables to be certified simultaneously from the same test data. We illustrate the framework numerically and demonstrate it experimentally through Bell-state certification on a quantum processor.