Considering a low mean photon number regime, we make a comparative analysis investigating the superior performance of decoy state heralded single photon source, making it ideal choice for integrating QKD protocols for secure quantum imaging.
Weak coherent source (WCS) and spontaneous parametric down converted heralded single photon pairs have found applications in quantum key distribution (QKD) and quantum imaging (QI) experiments. Decoy state methods have also been used to enhance the security for QKD and QI. We study quantum secured imaging with the decoy state heralded single photon source (HSPS). The HSPSs superior performance in low photon number regimes makes it an ideal candidate for integrating quantum key distribution protocols to reduce measurement uncertainty and ensure secure QI. Furthermore, our results also infer the influence of the decoy state WCS, due to its higher operating speed than decoy state HSPS, would be effective in conditions that allow higher mean photon numbers for quantum secured imaging.
Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) enables secure key exchange, based on fundamental laws of quantum mechanics [1] . There exist various protocols which are mathematically proven to be secure, however, for an actual implementation vulnerabilities, due to non-ideal components, must be considered. For example, the usage of faint lasers instead of single-photon sources undermines the security, as even for mean photon numbers per pulse µ ≪ 1 there is a non-vanishing probability of emitting multiple photons. The decoy protocol [2] , [3] offers a countermeasure. When randomly switching between two or more different pulse intensity levels, by exploiting their non-orthogonality, the so-called photon number splitting (PNS) attack can be revealed.
Spontaneous parametric down-conversion heralded single photon pairs (HSPS) are utilized in quantum key distribution (QKD) and quantum imaging (QI) experiments. Decoy state methods enhance security in these fields. HSPS is well-suited for integrating QKD protocols, reducing measurement uncertainty, and ensuring secure quantum imaging. This study examines the performance of the HSPS-decoy state method for quantum imaging under various conditions, focusing on secure key rate and Quantum Bit Error Rate (QBER) for free space applications. We specifically investigate the HSPS within the BB84 decoy state protocol for secure quantum imaging in free space. The dark count rate significantly impacts QBER, affecting the maximum tolerable loss. Low-efficiency, low-noise detectors can outperform high-efficiency, high-noise detectors, highlighting the importance of minimizing dark counts for optimal system performance.