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Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements

Vectorial Operation of a Bell-Bloom Atomic Magnetometer Assisted by Artificial Neural Network

Zhiyuan Jiang, Jianan Qin, Pengbo Jiang, Jinxin Xu, Jifeng Qu

Published Jul 8, 2024• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

This paper reports an all-optical vectorial operation method of a Bell-Bloom magnetometer. The spin projections in x and y axes are detected simultaneously by the dual probing beams configuration. And the vector information can be extracted from the phases of spin projection signals. By introducing an artificial neural network (ANN) to establish the relationship between signals and field direction, the phase errors are corrected automatically. With the assistance of ANN, the accuracy of the system has been greatly improved and dead zones have been eliminated basically.

DOI
10.1109/cpem61406.2024.10645974

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•Nov 17, 2020•0 citations
This paper reports an all-optical vectorial operation method of a Bell-Bloom magnetometer. The spin projections in x and y axes are detected simultaneously by the dual probing beams configuration. And the vector information can be extracted from the phases of spin projection signals. By introducing an artificial neural network (ANN) to establish the relationship between signals and field direction, the phase errors are corrected automatically. With the assistance of ANN, the accuracy of the system has been greatly improved and dead zones have been eliminated basically.
This paper reports an all-optical vector magnetometer enhanced by a machine learning model. Using a dual probing beam setup, spin projections in both probe directions are simultaneously detected. Vector information is directly obtained from the measured phases of spin projection signals. To enhance the measurement accuracy and mitigate the dead zone effect, we introduce an artificial neural network (ANN) to link the phase signals to the field direction. With the addition of amplitude information to the ANN input, the average angle error is reduced to less than 0.3° within a hemisphere. Furthermore, this configuration demonstrates a field angle sensitivity of better than 30 μ rad/Hz1/2.
We report an all-optical atomic vector magnetometer using dual Bell-Bloom optical pumping beams in a Rb vapor cell. This vector magnetometer consists of two orthogonal optical pumping beams, with amplitude modulations at 85Rb^{85}\mathrm{Rb}85Rb and 87Rb^{87}\mathrm{Rb}87Rb Larmor frequencies, respectively. We simultaneously detect atomic signals excited by these two pumping beams using a single probe beam in the third direction, and extract the field orientation information using the phase delays between the modulated atomic signals and the driving beams. By adding a Herriott cavity inside the vapor cell, we improve the magnetometer sensitivity. We study the performance of this vector magnetometer in a magnetic field ranging from 100 mG to 500 mG, and demonstrate a field angle sensitivity better than 10 $\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{rad}/{\mathrm{Hz}}^{1/2}$ above 10 Hz.
The Bell-Bloom-type optically pumped atomic magnetometers are well suited for weak geomagnetic field detection. However, conventional single-beam pumping introduces an atomic spin polarization gradient, which limits the measurement accuracy and sensitivity. To address this issue, this paper proposes and experimentally demonstrates a Bell-Bloom-type rubidium FID magnetometer scheme integrating orthogonally polarized counter-propagating pumping and multi-pass probe detection. This design homogenizes the atomic spin polarization distribution and suppresses light shifts and power broadening effects induced by the pump beam. Meanwhile, the five-pass probe configuration significantly enhances the signal amplitude. Experimental results reveal that, compared with the traditional single-beam pumping and single-pass detection scheme, the proposed magnetometer achieves a remarkable improvement in magnetic field measurement accuracy, and the magnetic field sensitivity is improved from 18.9 pT/\sqrt{Hz} to 3.1 pT/\sqrt{Hz}. This work provides an effective technical approach and reference for optimizing the performance of atomic magnetometers and extending their applications in integrated arrays.
Multiparameter sensing such as vector magnetometry often involves complex setups due to various external fields needed in explicitly connecting one measured signal to one parameter. Here, we propose a paradigm of indirect encoding for vector atomic magnetometry based on machine learning. We encode the three-dimensional magnetic-field information in the set of four simultaneously acquired signals associated with the optical rotation of a laser beam traversing the atomic sample. The map between the recorded signals and the vectorial field information is established through a pre-trained deep neural network. We demonstrate experimentally a single-shot all optical vector atomic magnetometer, with a simple scalar-magnetometer design employing only one elliptically-polarized laser beam and no additional coils. Magnetic field amplitude sensitivities of about 100 [Formula: see text] and angular sensitivities of about [Formula: see text] (for a magnetic field of around 140 nT) are derived from the neural network. Our approach can reduce the complexity of the architecture of vector magnetometers, and may shed light on the general design of multiparameter sensing.
We present a single-beam Bell-Bloom magnetometer using a compact, square optical path in a vapor cell with intensity modulation of the light beam. This design achieves dead-zone-free three-axis magnetic field measurements and, additionally, can determine the magnitude and direction of the magnetic field gradient. Experimental results demonstrate the dead-zone-free operation, with sensitivity in each axis scaling with the effective optical path length along that direction. Strong magnetic field gradients induce distinct resonance peak splitting, whereby the splitting width is proportional to the gradient magnitude. By applying a reference gradient, the system can infer the direction of an external gradient, effectively functioning as a dual-axis gradiometer. Rotating the vapor cell allows optimization of the optical path to minimize gradient-induced measurement distortions by aligning it perpendicular to the gradient direction.
Vector field measurement is demonstrated with an all-optical scalar atomic magnetometer using intrinsic parameters related to its scalar operation. The Bell-Bloom type atomic magnetometer measures the Larmor precession of cesium atoms through on-resonant absorption of a probe beam. While the AC component of the probe signal is used for the field magnitude measurement, the probe DC signal contains information about the polar angle, defined as the angle between the magnetic field and the probe beam. Additional polar angle information is obtained from the light-shift-induced magnetic field caused by the frequency modulation of the probe beam. With a measurement time of 100 milliseconds, better than 0.02 degree sensitivity has been achieved using a commercial miniaturized sensor at the optimal sensor orientation. The angle measurement accuracy is checked against an optical encoder over the entire polar angle range of 0 to 180 degrees. Better than 1 degree error is recorded over most set polar angles. Azimuthal angle measurement is also exhibited with an additional orthogonally oriented sensor.