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International Conference on Quantum Communications, Networking, and Computing (QCNC)

Quantum Key Distribution with Single Qubit Transmission

Tasdiqul Islam, Engin Arslan

Published Jul 1, 2024• 2 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Conventional Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) methods require too many qubit transmission between end points. As the capacity of quantum network is limited, it is important to develop more efficient methods. In this work, we propose a Multi-Qubit Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) State-based QKD scheme that uses single qubit transmission and Quantum Nondemolition (QND) measurements to transmit multiple classical bits. We show that we can transfer N-1 classical bits by generating an N-qubit GHZ state and transmitting one of the GHZ qubits,

DOI
10.1109/qcnc62729.2024.00062

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Conventional Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) methods require too many qubit transmission between end points. As the capacity of quantum network is limited, it is important to develop more efficient methods. In this work, we propose a Multi-Qubit Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) State-based QKD scheme that uses single qubit transmission and Quantum Nondemolition (QND) measurements to transmit multiple classical bits. We show that we can transfer N-1 classical bits by generating an N-qubit GHZ state and transmitting one of the GHZ qubits,
Conventional Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) requires the transmission of multiple qubits equivalent to the length of the key. As quantum networks are still in their infancy thus, they are expected to have a limited capacity, necessitating too many qubit transmissions for QKD might limit the effective use of limited network bandwidth of quantum networks. To address this challenge and enhance the practicality of QKD, we propose a Multi-Qubit Greenberger Horne Zeilinger (GHZ) State-based QKD scheme that requires a small number of qubit transmissions. The proposed method transmits one qubit between endpoints and reuses it for the transmission of multiple classical bits with the help of Quantum nondemolition (QND) measurements. We show that one can transfer L-1 classical bits by generating an L-qubit GHZ state and transferring one to the remote party. We further show that the proposed QKD algorithm can be extended to enable multi-party QKD. It can also support QKD between parties with minimal quantum resources. As a result, the proposed scheme offers a quantum network-efficient alternative QKD.
Conventional Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) requires the transmission of qubits proportional to or exceeding the length of the key, as protocols such as BB84 transmit more qubits than the final key size due to basis sifting and privacy amplification. Since quantum networks are still in their infancy and have limited capacity, this overhead puts significant pressure on network resources. To address this issue, we propose a Multi-Qubit Greenberger--Horne--Zeilinger (GHZ) State-based QKD scheme that reduces the number of qubits transmitted over the quantum channel. The proposed method transmits one GHZ qubit between endpoints and reuses the resulting entanglement to convey multiple classical key bits with the help of Quantum Non-Demolition (QND) measurements. Under the stated assumptions on authenticated classical communication, local reset verification, and bounded-error QND discrimination, one can transfer LLL classical bits by generating an (L+1)-qubit GHZ state and transferring one qubit to the remote party. We verify correctness using the NetSquid quantum network simulator: the protocol achieves 100\% raw-key fidelity for keys of length up to 12 bits under both ideal conditions and depolarizing noise up to p = 0.005 per round. We further show that the proposed QKD algorithm can be extended to multi-party QKD and server-client deployment. The proposed scheme offers a transmitted-qubit-efficient, noise-tolerant alternative for bandwidth-limited quantum networks.
A novel approach to quantum cryptography to be called NQKD, networking quantum key distribution, has been developed for secure quantum communication schemes on the basis of the complementary relations of entanglement Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger (GHZ) triplet states. One scheme distributes the private key among legal participants in a probabilistic manner, while another transmits the deterministic message with some certainty. Some decoy photons are employed for preventing a potential eavesdropper from attacking quantum channels. The present schemes are efficient as there exists an elegant method for key distributions. The security of the proposed schemes is exactly guaranteed by the entanglement of the GHZ quantum system, which is illustrated in security analysis.
As a multi-particle entangled state, the Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) state plays an important role in quantum theory and applications. In this study, we propose a flexible multi-user measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution (MDI-QKD) scheme based on a GHZ entangled state. Our scheme can distribute quantum keys among multiple users while being resistant to detection attacks. Our simulation results show that the secure distance between each user and the measurement device can reach more than 280 km while reducing the complexity of the quantum network. Additionally, we propose a method to expand our scheme to a multi-node with multi-user network, which can further enhance the communication distance between the users at different nodes.
An encryption-based networking quantum teleportation scheme is proposed for the secure quantum communication network based on the novel networking quantum key distribution (NQKD) with the Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger (GHZ) state. The security is exactly guaranteed via the entanglement of the GHZ quantum system. In the process of quantum teleportation, the server Charlie prepares the GHZ states and the users exploit the four local unitary operations corresponding to the keys shared aforehand to encrypt/decrpt for the initial messages. One legal user can communicate with another on the network securely as they may perform a quantum privacy application on the encrypted quantum states transmitted in quantum channel. Its intrinsic efficiency is high as almost all the instances are useful and each GHZ state can carry two different encrypted single-qubit states. To reconstruct these transmitted messages, the users exploit Bell measurement and perform local operations with respect to the shared keys in NQKD, which will improve its security in a noise quantum channel.
In this paper, we develop, a quantum key distribution protocol based on the Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger states (GHZs). The particles are exchanged among the users in blocks through two steps. In this protocol, for three-particle GHZs three keys can be simultaneously generated. The advantage of this is that the users can select the most suitable key for communication. The protocol can be generalized to N users to provide N keys. The protocol has two levels for checking the eavesdroppers. Moreover, we discuss the security of the protocol against different attacks.