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IEEE Transactions on Communications

Counterfactual Quantum Protocols for Dialogue, Teleportation, and Comparison

Saw Nang Paing, Fakhar Zaman, Junaid ur Rehman, Kyung Min Byun, Jinsung Cho, Trung Q. Duong, Hyundong Shin

Published Aug 14, 2024• 6 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Counterfactual quantum communication enables communication between remote parties without transmitting any information-carrying particle. In this paper, we propose four protocols for secure quantum communication networks utilizing such communication. The first protocol, counterfactual quantum secure direct communication (CQSDC), enables a sender to securely and counterfactually communicate a secret message. The second protocol, counterfactual quantum secure dialogue (CQSD), allows legitimate parties to transmit secret messages in each direction simultaneously, securely and counterfactually. The third protocol, counterfactual controlled quantum teleportation (CCQT), facilitates a sender to counterfactually teleport a quantum state to a receiver under the supervision of a controller. Finally, the fourth protocol, counterfactual quantum private comparison (CQPC), capacitates a third party to compare the private states of the end parties without the actual knowledge of the counterfactually transmitted states. We devise the CQSDC and CQSD protocols by exploiting the counterfactual Swap, dual chained quantum Zeno (CQZ), and distributed controlled NOT gates. For CCQT and CQPC protocols, we utilize CQZ gates with a horizontally polarized photon input. We show that the security of CQSDC and CQSD relies on counterfactual entanglement swapping, while that of CCQT and CQPC depends on establishing secure counterfactual communication channels and security validation with decoy particles, respectively.

DOI
10.1109/tcomm.2024.3443737

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Counterfactual quantum communication enables communication between remote parties without transmitting any information-carrying particle. In this paper, we propose four protocols for secure quantum communication networks utilizing such communication. The first protocol, counterfactual quantum secure direct communication (CQSDC), enables a sender to securely and counterfactually communicate a secret message. The second protocol, counterfactual quantum secure dialogue (CQSD), allows legitimate parties to transmit secret messages in each direction simultaneously, securely and counterfactually. The third protocol, counterfactual controlled quantum teleportation (CCQT), facilitates a sender to counterfactually teleport a quantum state to a receiver under the supervision of a controller. Finally, the fourth protocol, counterfactual quantum private comparison (CQPC), capacitates a third party to compare the private states of the end parties without the actual knowledge of the counterfactually transmitted states. We devise the CQSDC and CQSD protocols by exploiting the counterfactual Swap, dual chained quantum Zeno (CQZ), and distributed controlled NOT gates. For CCQT and CQPC protocols, we utilize CQZ gates with a horizontally polarized photon input. We show that the security of CQSDC and CQSD relies on counterfactual entanglement swapping, while that of CCQT and CQPC depends on establishing secure counterfactual communication channels and security validation with decoy particles, respectively.
We present a controlled quantum teleportation protocol. In the protocol, quantum information of an unknown state of a 2-level particle is faithfully transmitted from a sender Alice to a remote receiver Bob via an initially shared triplet of entangled particles under the control of the supervisor Charlie. The distributed entangled particles shared by Alice, Bob and Charlie function as a quantum information channel for faithful transmission. We also propose a controlled and secure direct communication scheme by means of this teleportation. After ensuring the security of the quantum channel, Alice encodes the secret message directly on a sequence of particle states and transmits them to Bob supervised by Charlie using this controlled quantum teleportation. Bob can read out the encoded message directly by the measurement on his qubit. In this scheme, the controlled quantum teleportation transmits Alice's message without revealing any information to a potential eavesdropper. Because there is not a transmission of the qubit carrying the secret message between Alice and Bob in the public channel, it is completely secure for controlled and direct secret communication if perfect quantum channel is used. The special feature of this scheme is that the communication between two sides depends on the agreement of a third side to co-operate.
A theoretical scheme for alternative and secure direct communication is proposed. The communication is based on controlled quantum teleportation via state. After insuring the security of the quantum channels (a set of qubits in the states), Alice encodes the secret messages directly on a sequence of particle states and transmits them to Bob supported by Charlie, or to Charlie supported by Bob, using controlled quantum teleportation. Bob or Charlie can read out the encoded messages directly by the measurement on his qubits. In this scheme, the controlled quantum teleportation transmits Alice's message without revealing any information to a potential eavesdropper. Because there is no a transmission of the qubits carrying the secret messages between legitimate parties in the public channel, it is completely secure for direct secret communication if perfect quantum channel is used. We also discuss that when one of the three legitimate parties does not cooperate with others because of some reasons, the remaining two persons can still communicate with each other by entanglement purification. The main feature of this scheme is that the communicate between two sides is alternative but depends on the agreement of the third, and more over, the communication between two sides does not suspend with loss of one of three qubits ( i.e., one of the three legitimate parties does not cooperate with others).
Counterfactual quantum communication---sending information between two remote parties without transmitting any physical particle over the channel---is unique in quantum protocols. By harnessing the nonlocality of counterfactual quantum protocols, we devise a distributed controlled NOT (DNOT) operation to transfer information in both directions at the same time. This new form of full-duplex communication, called quantum duplex coding, enables communicating parties to exchange either classical or quantum messages simultaneously and counterfactually by means of nonlocal controlled entanglement and/or disentanglement of the DNOT operation. We demonstrate the quantum duplex coding for both classical and quantum information using the (chained) quantum Zeno effect and show that these quantum duplex communication protocols form full-duplex binary and quantum erasure channels, respectively.
Quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) enables direct private message transmission over quantum channels without pre-shared keys. This paper proposes a QSDC protocol based on two-step line-based quantum walks (QWs), which involves sender Alice, receiver Bob and an untrusted third party Charlie, and three stages consisting of preparing, checking quantum channel and communicating secret messages. In the first stage, Bob generates entangled states as the desired quantum channel via one-step QW and prepares decoy photons for the subsequent security checking of the quantum channel; In the second stage, Bob first sends a sequence comprising the photons from the entangled states and Bob’s decoy photons to Alice, who forwards Bob’s decoy photons along with her own decoy photons to Charlie for measurement, with Alice and Bob verifying security by comparing the measurement outcomes; In the third stage, Alice prepares a sequence of photons as coin state for encoding messages to be communicated, which along with the prepared entangled states form a quantum teleportation system, which completes the transmission of the messages under the dominance of another-step QW. Security analyses show the suggested protocol can resist against intercept-and-resend and measure-and-resend attacks, promoting the QSDC’s practicality via QW-based entanglement generation, simplified measurement operations and security checking under the assistance of the third party Charlie.
We propose a simultaneous quantum secure direct communication scheme between one party and other three parties via four-particle GHZ states and swapping quantum entanglement. In the scheme, three spatially separated senders, Alice, Bob and Charlie, transmit their secret messages to a remote receiver Diana by performing a series of local operations on their respective particles according to the quadripartite stipulation. From Alice, Bob, Charlie and Diana's Bell measurement results, Diana can infer the secret messages. If a perfect quantum channel is used, the secret messages are faithfully transmitted from Alice, Bob and Charlie to Diana via initially shared pairs of four-particle GHZ states without revealing any information to a potential eavesdropper. As there is no transmission of the qubits carrying the secret message in the public channel, it is completely secure for the direct secret communication. This scheme can be considered as a network of communication parties where each party wants to communicate secretly with a central party or server.
In this study, a protocol for secure quantum dialogue using entanglement swapping was proposed. The protocol employs two independent communication channels, a classical channel and a quantum channel. In this scheme, the legitimate communicators Alice and Bob can pass the authentication by the classical trusted channel. Afterwards, a quantum channel sequence is provided for them, on which Alice and Bob can communicate with each other directly and privately by virtue of some encoding operations. The first advantage of our protocol is that different from the previews protocols, in the proposed protocol, the server of the quantum channel, Charlie, is not necessarily trusted. The other highlight of our protocol is that in the presented scheme, one party is able to first read the message received from the other party before sending another message back in reply.   Key words: Quantum secure direct communication, entanglement swapping, quantum dialogue.