Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

Photonics & Electromagnetics Research Symposium (PIERS)

Quantum-enhanced Electrometer Based on Microwave-dressed Rydberg Atoms

Dong Zhang, Shuhe Wu, Guzhi Bao, Weiping Zhang

Published Apr 21, 2024• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Rydberg atoms have been shown remarkable performance in sensing microwave field. The sensitivity of such an electrometer based on optical readout of atomic ensemble has been demonstrated to approach the photon-shot-noise limit. However, the sensitivity can not be promoted infinitely by increasing the power of probe light due to the increased collision rates and power broadening. Compared with classical light, the use of quantum light may lead to a better sensitivity with lower number of photons. In this paper, we exploit entanglement in a microwave-dressed Rydberg electrometer to suppress the fluctuation of noise. The results show a sensitivity enhancement beating the shot noise limit in both cold and hot atom schemes. Through optimizing the transmission of optical readout, our quantum advantage can be maintained with different absorptive index of atomic vapor, which makes it possible to apply quantum light source in the absorptive electrometer.

DOI
10.1109/piers62282.2024.10618625

Related papers

Quantum-enhanced electrometer based on microwave-dressed Rydberg atoms

Shuhe Wu, Dong Zhang, Zheng-Chun Li +6 more

Rydberg atoms have shown remarkable performance in sensing microwave fields. The sensitivity of such an electrometer based on optical readout of the atomic ensemble has been demonstrated to approach the photon-shot-noise limit. However, the sensitivity cannot be promoted infinitely by increasing the power of the probe light due to the increased collision rates and power broadening. Compared with classical light, the use of quantum light may lead to a better sensitivity with a lower number of photons. In this paper, we exploit entanglement in a microwave-dressed Rydberg electrometer to suppress the fluctuation of noise. The results show a sensitivity enhancement that beats the shot-noise limit in both cold- and hot-atom schemes. Through optimizing the transmission of the optical readout, our quantum advantage can be maintained with differing absorptive indexes of the atomic vapor, which makes it possible to apply a quantum light source in the absorptive electrometer.

arXiv:2307.05183•Physical Review Applied•Dec 15, 2023•13 citations

Theoretical analysis of an electrometer based on microwave-dressed Rydberg atoms using a quantum interferometer

Dong Zhang, Minwei Shi, Ding Huang +5 more

Rydberg atoms have demonstrated exceptional capabilities in the precise sensing microwave (MW) fields. Previous studies on Rydberg atom-based electrometers (RAEs) have predominantly focused on absorption measurements. Recently, phase-sensitive RAEs employing Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) have been demonstrated, though their performance remains constrained by the standard quantum limit (SQL). In this study, we combine RAEs with advanced quantum interferometrics to enhance MW field sensing. Within the framework of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) and Autler-Townes (AT) splitting, the noise of our enhanced electrometer is suppressed below the photon shot noise (PSN) in measuring light dispersion through microwave-dressed atoms, when utilizing phase squeezed states. In our theory, the optimal sensitivity of the MW field can reach 1.36 × 10 −11 V/m/Hz 1/2 with a dressed MW field strength of 2.4 × 10 −4 V/m within a balanced SU(1,1) interferometer.

Optics Express•Jan 16, 2025•2 citations

Sub-shot-noise Rydberg EIT spectrum

Hongmei Yan, Mingyong Jing, Yanjie Tong +8 more

Abstract Atom-based sensing with optical readout is fundamentally limited by photon shot noise. Squeezed light can effectively suppress this noise of optical readout, thereby enabling measurement sensitivities beyond the standard quantum limit, but their application in light–atom hybrid systems is often hindered by absorption losses of atomic medium. Here, we demonstrate the first realization of electromagnetically induced transparency spectrum in a Rydberg-atom system using a squeezed probe field that surpasses the photon shot noise limit. Our theoretical model identifies atomic transit and absorption-induced losses as the primary factors limiting squeezing preservation. Experimentally, we engineer the atomic ensemble as a medium with tunable transmittance by employing Doppler-matched velocity-selective excitation to suppress absorption, achieving a squeezing transmission of 90.4 $$\%$$ % for -1.7 dB squeezed light through a cesium vapor cell. This work is a critical step towards quantum-enhanced Rydberg atom sensors.

PhotoniX•Dec 15, 2025•5 citations

Atom-based sensing of microwave electric fields using highly excited atoms: mechanisms affecting sensitivity

James P. Shaffer, Harald Kübler, James Keaveney +5 more

We have shown that Rydberg states can be used for high-sensitivity, absolute sensing of microwave (MW) electric fields. We achieved a sensitivity of 3 μVcm-1Hz-1/2 for two read-out strategies. Depending on the spectral resolution of the read-out, either the MW induced transmission line frequency splitting, the Autler-Townes regime, or a change in the on-resonant absorption, the amplitude regime, can be used to determine the MW electric field. Results using a Mach-Zehnder interferometer and frequency modulated spectroscopy both achieve similar photon shot noise limited sensitivity. In addition, we have also explored amplitude modulation and the displacement of a probe laser beam due to index of refraction changes in a prism shaped vapor cell. These latter methods were not able to achieve photon shot noise limited performance. Fundamental limits to the sensitivity of the Rydberg atom-based MW electric field sensing have been addressed, but it is important to clarify the differences between noise in different parts or subsystems of the sensor. Shot noise in the probe laser usually dominates the projection noise of the atoms participating in the measurement of the MW electric field because of the desire to operate at low effective Rydberg atom densities in order to avoid collisional dephasing and ionization.

Optical and Quantum Sensing and Precision Metrology II•Mar 1, 2019•9 citations

Approaching the standard quantum limit of a Rydberg-atom microwave electrometer

Hai-Tao Tu, Kai-Yu Liao, Hong-Lei Wang +7 more

The development of a microwave electrometer with inherent uncertainty approaching its ultimate limit carries both fundamental and technological significance. However, because of the thermal motion of atoms, the state-of-art Rydberg electrometer falls considerably short of the standard quantum limit by about three orders of magnitude. Here, we use an optically thin medium with approximately 5.2 × 10 5 laser-cooled atoms to implement the microwave heterodyne detection. By mitigating various noises and strategically optimizing the electrometer parameters, our study reduces the equivalent noise temperature by a factor of 20 and achieves an electric field sensitivity of 10.0 nV cm −1 Hz −1/2 , lastly reaching a factor of 2.6 above the standard quantum limit. Our work also provides valuable insights into the inherent capabilities and limitations of Rydberg electrometers, offering superior sensitivity in detecting weak microwave signals for numerous applications.

arXiv:2307.15617•Science Advances•Dec 20, 2024•58 citations

Photon shot-noise-limited Rydberg-EIT electrometry

Gyeongmin Ju, Ye Jin Yu, Heewoo Kim +4 more

Rydberg-atom electrometry is a core technique in the development of highly sensitive quantum electric-field sensors. Its sensitivity based on atom-photon interaction is typically limited by photon shot-noise (PSN) and spectral broadenings. Here, we experimentally demonstrate a near PSN-limited Rydberg electrometry from a 85Rb atomic vapor cell. By engineering atomic coherence through control of residual magnetic fields and laser frequency noise, we achieve the Rydberg electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) with the narrow linewidth of 1.6 MHz, yielding an enhanced spectral slope for high-sensitivity Rydberg-EIT electrometry. Under optimized superheterodyne detection conditions, we obtain an electric-field sensitivity of 12.5(8) nV cm^-1 Hz^-1/2 at 37 GHz, in close agreement with the calculated PSN limit. These results provide direct experimental evidence of the high-sensitive quantum electrometry and establish a practical route toward quantum-noise-limited Rydberg electrometry.

physics.atom-phCross-listedarXiv:2606.04354•Jun 4, 2026•0 citations
Rydberg atoms have been shown remarkable performance in sensing microwave field. The sensitivity of such an electrometer based on optical readout of atomic ensemble has been demonstrated to approach the photon-shot-noise limit. However, the sensitivity can not be promoted infinitely by increasing the power of probe light due to the increased collision rates and power broadening. Compared with classical light, the use of quantum light may lead to a better sensitivity with lower number of photons. In this paper, we exploit entanglement in a microwave-dressed Rydberg electrometer to suppress the fluctuation of noise. The results show a sensitivity enhancement beating the shot noise limit in both cold and hot atom schemes. Through optimizing the transmission of optical readout, our quantum advantage can be maintained with different absorptive index of atomic vapor, which makes it possible to apply quantum light source in the absorptive electrometer.
Rydberg atoms have shown remarkable performance in sensing microwave fields. The sensitivity of such an electrometer based on optical readout of the atomic ensemble has been demonstrated to approach the photon-shot-noise limit. However, the sensitivity cannot be promoted infinitely by increasing the power of the probe light due to the increased collision rates and power broadening. Compared with classical light, the use of quantum light may lead to a better sensitivity with a lower number of photons. In this paper, we exploit entanglement in a microwave-dressed Rydberg electrometer to suppress the fluctuation of noise. The results show a sensitivity enhancement that beats the shot-noise limit in both cold- and hot-atom schemes. Through optimizing the transmission of the optical readout, our quantum advantage can be maintained with differing absorptive indexes of the atomic vapor, which makes it possible to apply a quantum light source in the absorptive electrometer.
Rydberg atoms have demonstrated exceptional capabilities in the precise sensing microwave (MW) fields. Previous studies on Rydberg atom-based electrometers (RAEs) have predominantly focused on absorption measurements. Recently, phase-sensitive RAEs employing Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) have been demonstrated, though their performance remains constrained by the standard quantum limit (SQL). In this study, we combine RAEs with advanced quantum interferometrics to enhance MW field sensing. Within the framework of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) and Autler-Townes (AT) splitting, the noise of our enhanced electrometer is suppressed below the photon shot noise (PSN) in measuring light dispersion through microwave-dressed atoms, when utilizing phase squeezed states. In our theory, the optimal sensitivity of the MW field can reach 1.36 × 10 −11 V/m/Hz 1/2 with a dressed MW field strength of 2.4 × 10 −4 V/m within a balanced SU(1,1) interferometer.
Abstract Atom-based sensing with optical readout is fundamentally limited by photon shot noise. Squeezed light can effectively suppress this noise of optical readout, thereby enabling measurement sensitivities beyond the standard quantum limit, but their application in light–atom hybrid systems is often hindered by absorption losses of atomic medium. Here, we demonstrate the first realization of electromagnetically induced transparency spectrum in a Rydberg-atom system using a squeezed probe field that surpasses the photon shot noise limit. Our theoretical model identifies atomic transit and absorption-induced losses as the primary factors limiting squeezing preservation. Experimentally, we engineer the atomic ensemble as a medium with tunable transmittance by employing Doppler-matched velocity-selective excitation to suppress absorption, achieving a squeezing transmission of 90.4 %\%% % for -1.7 dB squeezed light through a cesium vapor cell. This work is a critical step towards quantum-enhanced Rydberg atom sensors.
We have shown that Rydberg states can be used for high-sensitivity, absolute sensing of microwave (MW) electric fields. We achieved a sensitivity of 3 μVcm-1Hz-1/2 for two read-out strategies. Depending on the spectral resolution of the read-out, either the MW induced transmission line frequency splitting, the Autler-Townes regime, or a change in the on-resonant absorption, the amplitude regime, can be used to determine the MW electric field. Results using a Mach-Zehnder interferometer and frequency modulated spectroscopy both achieve similar photon shot noise limited sensitivity. In addition, we have also explored amplitude modulation and the displacement of a probe laser beam due to index of refraction changes in a prism shaped vapor cell. These latter methods were not able to achieve photon shot noise limited performance. Fundamental limits to the sensitivity of the Rydberg atom-based MW electric field sensing have been addressed, but it is important to clarify the differences between noise in different parts or subsystems of the sensor. Shot noise in the probe laser usually dominates the projection noise of the atoms participating in the measurement of the MW electric field because of the desire to operate at low effective Rydberg atom densities in order to avoid collisional dephasing and ionization.
The development of a microwave electrometer with inherent uncertainty approaching its ultimate limit carries both fundamental and technological significance. However, because of the thermal motion of atoms, the state-of-art Rydberg electrometer falls considerably short of the standard quantum limit by about three orders of magnitude. Here, we use an optically thin medium with approximately 5.2 × 10 5 laser-cooled atoms to implement the microwave heterodyne detection. By mitigating various noises and strategically optimizing the electrometer parameters, our study reduces the equivalent noise temperature by a factor of 20 and achieves an electric field sensitivity of 10.0 nV cm −1 Hz −1/2 , lastly reaching a factor of 2.6 above the standard quantum limit. Our work also provides valuable insights into the inherent capabilities and limitations of Rydberg electrometers, offering superior sensitivity in detecting weak microwave signals for numerous applications.
Rydberg-atom electrometry is a core technique in the development of highly sensitive quantum electric-field sensors. Its sensitivity based on atom-photon interaction is typically limited by photon shot-noise (PSN) and spectral broadenings. Here, we experimentally demonstrate a near PSN-limited Rydberg electrometry from a 85Rb atomic vapor cell. By engineering atomic coherence through control of residual magnetic fields and laser frequency noise, we achieve the Rydberg electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) with the narrow linewidth of 1.6 MHz, yielding an enhanced spectral slope for high-sensitivity Rydberg-EIT electrometry. Under optimized superheterodyne detection conditions, we obtain an electric-field sensitivity of 12.5(8) nV cm^-1 Hz^-1/2 at 37 GHz, in close agreement with the calculated PSN limit. These results provide direct experimental evidence of the high-sensitive quantum electrometry and establish a practical route toward quantum-noise-limited Rydberg electrometry.