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Advanced Devices & Instrumentation

Flying-Qubit Control: Basics, Progress, and Outlook

Wenlong Li, Huanying Sun, Yulong Liu, Tiefu Li, Re-Bing Wu

Published Jan 1, 2024• 5 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Flying qubit is one type of the basic elements for transmitting quantum information in quantum networks. It can serve as a communication link between quantum computer nodes and represents a vital part of secure data transmission. For high-fidelity information transmission, precise control of flying qubit is highly demanded. Here, based on quantized photons or phonons as the carriers of the flying qubit, we review the basics and the progress of the flying-qubit control in both theoretical and experimental aspects. The flying-qubit control system can be regarded as an open quantum system with N energy levels coupled with multiple quantum channels. Its input includes classical components, such as coherent or incoherent control functions, as well as quantum components, but its output only includes quantum components, and the system is affected by environmental noise. According to the characteristics of quantum input and quantum output fields, the flying-qubit control problems can be divided into 3 categories: generation, reception, and conversion. From a theoretical perspective, the different modeling approaches of the flying-qubit control are discussed and compared, including the master equation, the quantum trajectory, the scattering matrix, the quantum stochastic differential equation, and the quantum Langevin equation. Considering both control design schemes and experimental perspectives, various control strategies and experimental progress have been thoroughly discussed and analyzed. The applications and future directions of flying-qubit control are discussed. The realization of flying qubits plays a vital role in application scenarios such as quantum coherent interconnection, the construction of large-scale quantum chips with a large number of bits, and the link between computers and communication networks.

DOI
10.34133/adi.0059

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Flying qubit is one type of the basic elements for transmitting quantum information in quantum networks. It can serve as a communication link between quantum computer nodes and represents a vital part of secure data transmission. For high-fidelity information transmission, precise control of flying qubit is highly demanded. Here, based on quantized photons or phonons as the carriers of the flying qubit, we review the basics and the progress of the flying-qubit control in both theoretical and experimental aspects. The flying-qubit control system can be regarded as an open quantum system with N energy levels coupled with multiple quantum channels. Its input includes classical components, such as coherent or incoherent control functions, as well as quantum components, but its output only includes quantum components, and the system is affected by environmental noise. According to the characteristics of quantum input and quantum output fields, the flying-qubit control problems can be divided into 3 categories: generation, reception, and conversion. From a theoretical perspective, the different modeling approaches of the flying-qubit control are discussed and compared, including the master equation, the quantum trajectory, the scattering matrix, the quantum stochastic differential equation, and the quantum Langevin equation. Considering both control design schemes and experimental perspectives, various control strategies and experimental progress have been thoroughly discussed and analyzed. The applications and future directions of flying-qubit control are discussed. The realization of flying qubits plays a vital role in application scenarios such as quantum coherent interconnection, the construction of large-scale quantum chips with a large number of bits, and the link between computers and communication networks.
The control of flying qubits is crucial for the interconnection of quantum information processing units in the future applications. Physically, this class of problems can be modeled by the radiation of optical fields from a standing qubit (natural or artificial atoms). The photon statistics of the output field emitted from a quantum system coupled to multiple waveguides is complicated when the exciton number is not conserved, especially in presence of coherent driving that is crucial for control and optimization. In this paper, we use quantum stochastic differential equation (QSDE) to describe the photon generation process, and derive the dynamical jumps induced by photon emission. Numerical simulations show that this model can be applied to analyze the manipulation process of single qubits.
Abstract Quantum networks play an extremely important role in quantum information science, with application to quantum communication, computation, metrology, and fundamental tests. One of the key challenges for implementing a quantum network is to distribute entangled flying qubits to spatially separated nodes, at which quantum interfaces or transducers map the entanglement onto stationary qubits. The stationary qubits at the separated nodes constitute quantum memories realized in matter while the flying qubits constitute quantum channels realized in photons. Dedicated efforts around the world for more than 20 years have resulted in both major theoretical and experimental progress toward entangling quantum nodes and ultimately building a global quantum network. Here, the development of quantum networks and the experimental progress over the past two decades leading to the current state of the art for generating entanglement of quantum nodes based on various physical systems such as single atoms, cold atomic ensembles, trapped ions, diamonds with nitrogen‐vacancy centers, and solid‐state host doped with rare‐earth ions are reviewed. Along the way, the merits are discussed and the potential of each of these systems toward realizing a quantum network is compared.
In this report we review the present state of the art of the control of propagating quantum states at the single-electron level and its potential application to quantum information processing. We give an overview of the different approaches that have been developed over the last few years in order to gain full control over a propagating single-electron in a solid-state system. After a brief introduction of the basic concepts, we present experiments on flying qubit circuits for ensemble of electrons measured in the low frequency (DC) limit. We then present the basic ingredients necessary to realise such experiments at the single-electron level. This includes a review of the various single-electron sources that have been developed over the last years and which are compatible with integrated single-electron circuits. This is followed by a review of recent key experiments on electron quantum optics with single electrons. Finally we will present recent developments in the new physics that has emerged using ultrashort voltage pulses. We conclude our review with an outlook and future challenges in the field.
In this report we review the present state of the art of the control of propagating quantum states at the single-electron level and its potential application to quantum information processing. We give an overview of the different approaches that have been developed over the last few years in order to gain full control over a propagating single-electron in a solid-state system. After a brief introduction of the basic concepts, we present experiments on flying qubit circuits for ensemble of electrons measured in the low frequency (DC) limit. We then present the basic ingredients necessary to realise such experiments at the single-electron level. This includes a review of the various single-electron sources that have been developed over the last years and which are compatible with integrated single-electron circuits. This is followed by a review of recent key experiments on electron quantum optics with single electrons. Finally we will present recent developments in the new physics that has emerged using ultrashort voltage pulses. We conclude our review with an outlook and future challenges in the field.
Quantum communication and quantum computation are anticipated quantum technologies which enable us to tackle problems which are hard or even impossible to solve by classical means. A major challenge in implementing real life applications for quantum communication and quantum computation is to implement efficient interfaces between different kinds of quantum systems which serve as carriers of quantum information, such as single photons and single material quantum systems (i.e. atoms, ions ...). These different kinds of quantum systems have different advantages and disadvantages if it comes to practical applications. Single photons, which may serve as flying qubits, can be transmitted over larger distances without suffering from too much decoherence while single material quantum systems may be used as matter qubits to store and process quantum information locally. For many applications, the particular advantages of both kinds of systems are needed. Hence, we require interfaces between flying qubits and matter qubits. In the first part of this thesis, we develop suitable protocols for implementing interfaces between these flying qubits and matter qubits. The key challenge is to design the interactions to allow the efficient coupling of single photons to single material quantum systems, such as atoms and ions. This is not only of interest for possible practical applications of quantum mechanics but also drives fundamental research, as it is directly connected to a precise control and enhancement of matter-field interactions. The second part of this thesis is concerned with the applications of quantum technologies for simulating complex quantum systems, which cannot be treated by classical means. In many cases, the simulation of complex quantum systems turns out to be a difficult task due to the basic structure of quantum mechanics. The same aspects of quantum mechanics, which allow us to tackle computationally hard problems by using quantum algorithms, create difficulties in understanding the behavior of complex quantum systems. However, the understanding of complex quantum systems is not only of fundamental importance but might also enable us to give answers to problems of practical significance, such as an explanation for high-temperature superconductivity. Here, we develop protocols for implementing such quantum simulations based on ions trapped in state of the art ion traps. The applications of these kinds of quantum simulations are ranging from fundamental research to process design, control, and optimization.
Abstract A basic element of a quantum network based on two single‐mode waveguides is proposed with different frequencies connected by a solid‐state qubit. Using a simple example of a possible superconducting implementation, the usefulness of the simplifications used in the general theoretical consideration has been justified. The non‐classical field in a single‐mode with a frequency of is fed to the input of a qubit controller and transformed into a non‐classical field in an output single‐mode with a frequency of . The interface can establish a quantum connection between solid‐state and photonic flying qubits with adjustable pulse shapes and carrier frequencies. This allows quantum information to be transferred to other superconducting or atomic‐based quantum registers or chips. The peculiarities of the wave‐qubit interactions are described, showing how they help to control the quantum state of the non‐classical field. On this basis, the operating principles of solid‐state and flying qubits for the future quantum information platforms are considered.