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Laser & Optoelectronics Progress

新型循环差分相移量子密钥分发协议

鲁雨婷 Lu Yuting, 赵生妹 Zhao Shengmei, 毛钱萍 Mao Qianping

Published Jan 1, 2024• 1 citation

Abstract

量子密钥分发（QKD）作为一种由量子物理保证的绝对安全的密钥分发引起了广泛的关注。在现有的量子密钥分发协议中，循环差分相移量子密钥分发协议（RRDPS-QKD）因其具有较大的比特错误容限度，在实际应用中具有极大的优势。在循环差分相移量子密钥分发协议基础上，设计一种新型循环差分相移量子密钥分发协议，在接收设备中通过一个开关将接收到的脉冲序列分为两支（定义为奇偶两支路），在奇（偶）路上加入一个随机延时器和一个延时器，既能使接收端接收到的所有脉冲都能参与干涉，提升脉冲序列的利用率，又能使发送端可以连续发送脉冲序列。仿真分析结果和模拟量子密钥分发实验结果表明，新型循环差分相移量子密钥分发协议能够明显增大脉冲序列参与干涉的概率，有效地提升了循环差分相移量子密钥分发协议的安全密钥率。

DOI: 10.3788/lop232342

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量子密钥分发（QKD）作为一种由量子物理保证的绝对安全的密钥分发引起了广泛的关注。在现有的量子密钥分发协议中，循环差分相移量子密钥分发协议（RRDPS-QKD）因其具有较大的比特错误容限度，在实际应用中具有极大的优势。在循环差分相移量子密钥分发协议基础上，设计一种新型循环差分相移量子密钥分发协议，在接收设备中通过一个开关将接收到的脉冲序列分为两支（定义为奇偶两支路），在奇（偶）路上加入一个随机延时器和一个延时器，既能使接收端接收到的所有脉冲都能参与干涉，提升脉冲序列的利用率，又能使发送端可以连续发送脉冲序列。仿真分析结果和模拟量子密钥分发实验结果表明，新型循环差分相移量子密钥分发协议能够明显增大脉冲序列参与干涉的概率，有效地提升了循环差分相移量子密钥分发协议的安全密钥率。

随着量子算法和量子计算机的快速发展，经典密码学正面临潜在的安全威胁。量子密钥分发（QKD）作为实现信息论安全的关键技术，已成为应对这一挑战的核心手段。高维量子密钥分发（HD-QKD）技术因其较高的信息容量和较强的抗噪声能力，迅速成为QKD领域的重要研究方向。近年来，HD-QKD在光子的多个自由度中得到广泛应用。本文回顾HD-QKD技术的最新进展，重点介绍不同自由度在HD-QKD中的实验成果，并分析不同自由度面临的挑战和HD-QKD未来的发展方向。

量子密钥分发（QKD）利用量子力学基本原理实现信息论安全的保密通信，是保障国家信息安全的战略技术。然而，QKD大规模实用化部署仍然面临抗噪声能力不足、通信带宽受限和难以兼容组网等技术挑战。高维QKD（HD-QKD）利用高维编码实现安全的密钥分发，具备高噪声容忍能力、高信息传输效率和多模式兼容组网等优势。详细阐述HD-QKD在近期的主要技术突破，包括高维弱相干光子态、高维纠缠态等在提升QKD实用化性能方面取得的重要进展，并展望该领域的发展趋势和潜在应用前景。

Recently, a new type of protocol named Round-robin differential-phase-shift quantum key distribution (RRDPS QKD) was proposed, where the security can be guaranteed without monitoring conventional signal disturbances. The active decoy state method can be used in this protocol to overcome the imperfections of the source. But, it may lead to side channel attacks and break the security of QKD systems. In this paper, we apply the passive decoy state method to the RRDPS QKD protocol. Not only can the more environment disturbance be tolerated, but in addition it can overcome side channel attacks on the sources. Importantly, we derive a new key generation rate formula for our RRDPS protocol using passive decoy states and enhance the key generation rate. We also compare the performance of our RRDPS QKD to that using the active decoy state method and the original RRDPS QKD without any decoy states. From numerical simulations, the performance improvement of the RRDPS QKD by our new method can be seen.

连续变量量子密钥分发（CV-QKD）协议在光纤信道中已经展现出可获得更高安全码率的能力。但是，CV-QKD协议可容忍的信道衰减相对较低，大气衰减、衍射、湍流等实际因素都会影响空间信道CV-QKD协议的可行性。低轨卫星与地面站接入时间相对较短，放大了有限密钥长效应对协议参数估计的影响。本研究分析了星地下行退化信道下的高斯调制CV-QKD协议，探讨了制备方差和协商效率对系统密钥生成的影响，结果显示，对于空间CV-QKD，无论协商效率是否完美，制备方差对密钥生成率的影响都不是单调的，存在一个最优值。本研究还探索了有限密钥长效应下用于参数估计的符号数量和符号传输率对密钥生成的影响（两者会显著影响系统的密钥生成），并针对不同的符号传输率，对用于参数估计的符号数量进行了优化。仿真结果可为空间信道高斯调制CV-QKD实验的设计和优化提供参考。

Abstract The round-robin differential-phase-shift quantum key distribution (RRDPS-QKD) protocol could provide an effective way to estimate the leakage information without monitoring the signal disturbance. Moreover, the self-compensating property of plug-and-play (P&P) setup can eliminate the variations of phase or polarization in QKD procedure. In the paper, we introduce the P&P concept into RRDPS-QKD, and propose a QKD protocol, named P&P RRDPS-QKD protocol, to make the RRDPS-QKD scheme more practical. We analyze the security, and discuss the key generation rate with infinite-intensity decoy state method. The results show that the proposed protocol is a good solution to RRDPS-QKD protocol with untrusted sources. It has a high security and its key generation rate could be as good as the protocol with trusted sources when the average input photon number N is greater than 106. In addition, the proposed protocol has a high noise tolerance in comparison with P&P BB84-QKD protocol.