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Applied Physics Reviews

Quantum advantage of one-way squeezing in weak-force sensing

Jie Wang, Qian Zhang, Ya‐Feng Jiao, Sheng-Dian Zhang, Tian-Xiang Lu, Zhipeng Li, Cheng‐Wei Qiu, Hui Jing

Published Jul 30, 2024• 38 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Cavity optomechanical (COM) sensors, featuring efficient light–motion couplings, have been widely used for ultrasensitive measurements of various physical quantities ranging from displacements to accelerations or weak forces. Previous works, however, have mainly focused on reciprocal COM systems. Here, we propose how to further improve the performance of quantum COM sensors by breaking reciprocal symmetry in purely quantum regime. Specifically, we consider a spinning COM resonator and show that by selectively driving it in opposite directions, highly nonreciprocal optical squeezing can emerge, which in turn provides an efficient way to surpass the standard quantum limit which is otherwise unattainable for the corresponding reciprocal devices. Our work confirms that breaking reciprocal symmetry, already achieved in diverse systems well beyond spinning systems, can serve as a new strategy to further enhance the abilities of advanced quantum sensors, for applications ranging from testing fundamental physical laws to practical quantum metrology.

DOI
10.1063/5.0208107

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Cavity optomechanical (COM) sensors, featuring efficient light–motion couplings, have been widely used for ultrasensitive measurements of various physical quantities ranging from displacements to accelerations or weak forces. Previous works, however, have mainly focused on reciprocal COM systems. Here, we propose how to further improve the performance of quantum COM sensors by breaking reciprocal symmetry in purely quantum regime. Specifically, we consider a spinning COM resonator and show that by selectively driving it in opposite directions, highly nonreciprocal optical squeezing can emerge, which in turn provides an efficient way to surpass the standard quantum limit which is otherwise unattainable for the corresponding reciprocal devices. Our work confirms that breaking reciprocal symmetry, already achieved in diverse systems well beyond spinning systems, can serve as a new strategy to further enhance the abilities of advanced quantum sensors, for applications ranging from testing fundamental physical laws to practical quantum metrology.
Cavity optomechanical (COM) sensors, featuring efficient light-motion couplings, have been widely used for ultra sensitive measurements of various physical quantities ranging from displacements to accelerations or weak forces. Previous works, however, have mainly focused on reciprocal COM systems. Here, we propose how to further improve the performance of quantum COM sensors by breaking reciprocal symmetry in purely quantum regime. Specifically, we consider a spinning COM resonator and show that by selectively driving it in opposite directions, highly nonreciprocal optical squeezing can emerge, which in turn provides an efficient way to surpass the standard quantum limit that otherwise exists in conventional reciprocal devices. Our work confirms that breaking reciprocal symmetry, already achieved in diverse systems well beyond spinning systems, can serve as a new strategy to further enhance the abilities of advanced quantum sensors, for applications ranging from testing fundamental physical laws to practical quantum metrology.
Cavity optomechanical (COM) sensors, enhanced by quantum squeezing or entanglement, have become powerful tools for measuring ultra-weak forces with high precision and sensitivity. However, these sensors usually rely on linear COM couplings, a fundamental limitation when measurements of the mechanical energy are desired. Very recently, a giant enhancement of the signal-to-noise ratio was predicted in a quadratic COM system. Here we show that the performance of such a system can be further improved surpassing the standard quantum limit by using quantum squeezed light. Our approach is compatible with available engineering techniques of advanced COM sensors and provides new opportunities for using COM sensors in tests of fundamental laws of physics and quantum metrology applications.
Quantum-enhanced cavity optomechanical (COM) sensors, utilizing quantum resources, have become powerful tools for precisely measuring a wide range of physical quantities, from gravitational waves to accelerations. However, quantum-enhanced COM torque sensing remains an area of exploration. In this work, we show that utilizing quantum squeezing can suppress the quantum noise of a COM torque sensor below the standard quantum limit. We theoretically predict that our COM torque sensor can achieve an approximately 20-dB quantum advantage by optimizing the homodyne detection. Our approach is compatible with available engineering techniques of advanced COM sensors, with potential applications ranging from nanoscale magnetism to the quantum geometric phase.
Cavity optomechanical systems have emerged as a promising platform for quantum sensing. Quantum mechanics imposes a standard quantum limit (SQL) on the force-sensitivity for the standard homodyne phase quadrature measurement of the cavity's output field. In this paper, we investigate ways to enhance weak force sensitivity beyond SQL by employing a variational homodyne quadrature readout and quantum squeezing. Our study reveals a remarkable improvement in the force sensitivity of a cavity optomechanical sensor at a suitable homodyne angle, compared with standard phase quadrature detection of the cavity output field within a specific frequency band. We further demonstrate improved force sensitivity via intra-cavity squeezing (ICS) or injected external squeezing (IES) of the cavity mode. Both variational homodyne readout and quantum squeezing induce quantum correlations between the amplitude and phase quadratures of the cavity's output field, thereby improving force sensitivity. Our results suggest that IES is preferable to ICS for sub-SQL force sensing with system stability and lower probe power requirements. The squeezing-enhanced variational homodyne detection scheme can enable high-precision quantum sensing across various hybrid quantum platforms.
We investigate the enhancement in sensitivity when measuring a weak force through the optical response of an optomechanical oscillator driven by squeezed light. In the context of a quantum sensor based on cavity-optomechanics, the sensitivity scaling measured by the quantum Fisher information for a squeezed vacuum state pump is compared to that for a coherent state pump. We show that squeezed state inputs can produce noise levels below the standard quantum limit and even the Heisenberg limit in given regimes. This study shows that new pathways can be opened for enhanced quantum sensing with optomechanical systems conducive to measuring various physical quantities such as gravitational force, acceleration, and acoustics.
The most efficient approach to laser interferometric force sensing to date uses monochromatic carrier light with its signal sideband spectrum in a squeezed vacuum state. Quantum decoherence, i.e., mixing with an ordinary vacuum state due to optical losses, is the main sensitivity limit. In this Letter, we present both theoretical and experimental evidence that quantum decoherence in high-precision laser interferometric force sensors enhanced with optical cavities and squeezed light injection can be mitigated by a quantum squeeze operation inside the sensor's cavity. Our experiment shows an enhanced measurement sensitivity that is independent of the optical readout loss in a wide range. Our results pave the way for quantum improvements in scenarios where high decoherence previously precluded the use of squeezed light. Our results hold significant potential for advancing the field of quantum sensors and enabling new experimental approaches in high-precision measurement technology.