We discuss the two-slit experiment and the Aharonov-Bohm (AB) experiment in the magnetic field, where an electron produces so called synchrotron radiation. In other words, the photons are emitted from the points of the electron trajectory and it means that the trajectory of electron is visible in the synchrotron radiation spectrum. The axiomatic system of quantum mechanics does not enable to define the trajectory of the elementary particle. The two-slit experiment and the AB experiment in magnetic field are the missing experiments of quantum mechanics. The extension of the discussion to the cosmical rays moving in the magnetic field of the Saturn magnetosphere and its rings is mentioned. It is related to the probe CASSINI.
We discuss the two-slit experiment and the Aharonov-Bohm (AB) experiment in the magnetic field, where an electron produces so called synchrotron radiation. In other words, the photons are emitted from the points of the electron trajectory and it means that the trajectory of electron is visible in the synchrotron radiation spectrum. The axiomatic system of quantum mechanics does not enable to define the trajectory of the elementary particle. The two-slit experiment and the AB experiment in magnetic field are the missing experiments of quantum mechanics. The extension of the discussion to the cosmical rays moving in the magnetic field of the Saturn magnetosphere and its rings is mentioned. It is related to the probe CASSINI.
We discuss the two-slit experiment and the Aharonov-Bohm (AB) experiment in the magnetic field. In such a case the electron moving in the magnetic field produces so called synchrotron radiation. In other words the photons are emitted from the points of the electron trajectory and it means that the trajectory of electron is visible in the synchrotron radiation spectrum. The axiomatic system of quantum mechanics does not enable to define the trajectory of the elementary particle. The two-slit experiment and AB experiment in a magnetic field was never performed and it means that they are the missing experiments of quantum mechanics. The extension of the discussion to the cosmical rays moving in the magnetic field of the Saturn magnetosphere and its rings is mentioned. It is related to the probe CASSINI. The solution of the problem in the framework of the hydrodynamical model of quantum mechanics and the nonlinear quantum mechanics is also mentioned.
Beginning with the basic notions of quantum theory, impossibility of `trajectory' description for particles that ensues from uncertainty principle is discussed. Why the observed tracks in bubble/cloud chambers are not really the `trajectories' of high energy particles, rather they are simply the trails of the atoms/molecules excited or ionized in the direction of the high momenta of the incoming particles, are highlighted. Thereafter, the notion of symmetry and its application to the non-relativistic Schrodinger equation have been delineated. The demand for U(1) gauge invariance and the resulting `gauge miracle', that automatically leads to the correct interaction terms describing the electromagnetic force between the charge particles and the field, have been elaborated upon. A simple treatment, but with explicit derivation, of the Aharonov-Bohm effect, is presented, that underlines a strange phenomena - sites, impenetrable by charge particles but are threaded with magnetic field lines, conspire with a `Trojan Horse', namely the magnetic vector potential outside, to cause measurable shift in the double-slit interference fringes. This shift in the interference pattern is non-classical since the charge particles move in field-free regions. The crucial Aharonov-Bohm (AB) phase that makes its entry in the above bizarre effect is also deployed to derive the observed magnetic flux quantisation in superconductors as well as the Dirac result which implies that the existence of a single magnetic monopole anywhere in the universe would entail quantisation of the product of a particle's electric charge and the monopole's magnetic charge. Nontrivial consequences of AB phase follow whenever the physical region accessible, from the point of view of the wavefunction of a charge particle, is multiply-connected.
The seminal paper of Aharonov and Bohm [Phys. Rev. 115, 485 (1959)]10.1103/PhysRev.115.485 is at the origin of a very extensive literature in some of the more fundamental issues in physics. They claimed that electromagnetic fields can act at a distance on charged particles even if they are identically zero in the region of space where the particles propagate, that the fundamental electromagnetic quantities in quantum physics are not only the electromagnetic fields but also the circulations of the electromagnetic potentials; what gives them a real physical significance. They proposed two experiments to verify their theoretical conclusions. The magnetic Aharonov-Bohm effect, where an electron is influenced by a magnetic field that is zero in the region of space accessible to the electron, and the electric Aharonov-Bohm effect where an electron is affected by a time-dependent electric potential that is constant in the region where the electron is propagating, i.e., such that the electric field vanishes along its trajectory. The Aharonov-Bohm effects imply such a strong departure from the physical intuition coming from classical physics that it is no wonder that they remain a highly controversial issue after more than fifty years, in spite of the fact that they are discussed in most of the text books in quantum mechanics. The magnetic case has been studied extensively. The experimental issues were settled by the remarkable experiments of Tonomura et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 48, 1443 (1982); Phys. Rev. Lett. 56, 792 (1986)] with toroidal magnets, that gave a strong evidence of the existence of the effect, and by the recent experiment of Caprez et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 210401 (2007)]10.1103/PhysRevLett.99.210401 that shows that the results of the Tonomura et al. experiments cannot be explained by the action of a force. The theoretical issues were settled by Ballesteros and Weder [Commun. Math. Phys. 285, 345 (2009)10.1007/s00220-008-0579-1; J. Math. Phys. 50, 122108 (2009)10.1063/1.3266176; Commun. Math. Phys. 303, 175 (2011)]10.1007/s00220-010-1166-9 who rigorously proved that quantum mechanics predicts the experimental results of Tonomura et al. and of Caprez et al. The electric Aharonov-Bohm effect has been much less studied. Actually, its existence, that has not been confirmed experimentally, is a very controversial issue. In their 1959 paper Aharonov and Bohm proposed an ansatz for the solution to the Schrödinger equation in regions where there is a time-dependent electric potential that is constant in space. It consists in multiplying the free evolution by a phase given by the integral in time of the potential. The validity of this ansatz predicts interference fringes between parts of a coherent electron beam that are subjected to different potentials. In this paper we prove that the exact solution to the Schrödinger equation is given by the Aharonov-Bohm ansatz up to an error bound in norm that is uniform in time and that decays as a constant divided by the velocity. Our results give, for the first time, a rigorous proof that quantum mechanics predicts the existence of the electric Aharonov-Bohm effect, under conditions that we provide. We hope that our results will stimulate the experimental research on the electric Aharonov-Bohm effect.
This article describes the Aharonov-Bohm (AB) effect of electron waves travelling in free space and its application to the observation of gauge fields (vector potentials). The AB effect is inconceivable in classical physics since an observable effect is produced on electrons passing through field-free spaces. Electrons can be affected only by Lorentz forces due to electromagnetic fields. The situation is different in quantum mechanics, where electrons show wave properties: the concept of force is no longer relevant, so electric field E and magnetic field B, defined as forces acting on a unit charge, take on secondary meanings. “Phase shifts” come into play, and the primary physical entities become neither E nor B but electrostatic potential V and vector potential A. These potentials interact with electron waves and shift their phases.
In the Aharonov-Bohm setup, a double-slit experiment, coherent beams of electrons passing through two slits form an interference pattern on the observing screen. However, when a long but thin solenoid of current is introduced behind the slits between the two electron beams, an extra phase difference between them appears, as shown by a shift in the interference pattern. This happens even though there is no magnetic field outside the solenoid, at the location of the beams. This is known as Aharonov-Bohm effect, though the idea was mooted apparently a decade earlier, and the effect sometimes is called Ehrenberg-Siday-Aharonov-Bohm effect. This mysterious effect, purportedly arises owing to an electromagnetic momentum, attributed to the presence at the location of either beam, a vector potential due to the solenoid of current even when there exists no magnetic field outside the solenoid. The first experimental confirmation came soon and It has since been amply verified using clever experimental setups, leaving hardly any doubts that the observed effect is real. However, on the theoretical side the picture is not so clear and a satisfactory physical explanation of the existence of momentum, at least under the aegis of classical electromagnetism, is still missing since inception of the idea more than half a century back. It has remained a puzzle, how just potential, thought to be a mere mathematical tools for calculating electromagnetic field, can give rise to an electromagnetic momentum in a system, in lieu of field itself. We here show that a subtle momentum can be seen to lie in the product of the drift velocities of the current carrying charges and the mass equivalent of their non-localized potential energies in the electric field of the interfering electrons, which manifests, from a classical point of view, a linear momentum in the system. It is this hard-to-pinpoint, additional momentum, reflected through an extra phase difference between the interfering beams of electrons, which exhibits from a classical physics perspective, the presence of an elusive, long sought-after electromagnetic momentum in the system.
The traditional Aharonov Bohm effect (AB effect) attributes the light and dark fringes on screen to phase interference of electron matter wave. It presumes that the magnetic field outside the solenoid equals zero and particles receive no force. This system has long served as key support for wave particle duality. This paper completely abandons the hypothesis of wave interference and quantum phase. It establishes the model of electron vibrating point particle to reveal the real physical mechanism of AB effect. Fringes are not superposition product of waves. They are formed by differential deflection of charged electrons under magnetic force and Coulomb repulsion, followed by regular superposition of two upper and lower particle beams. Both magnetic force and Coulomb repulsion are long range forces. They only differ in effective action range and variation rule of force with distance. Comparative experiments using direct current solenoid and direct current long straight wire can falsify the unrealistic assumption that magnetic field outside coil cancels out to zero. Supporting single side shielding verification experiment can directly test the correctness of orthodox quantum interpretation. Electrons have no wave property. As long as point particles with inherent vibration are modulated by field, they can form fringe similar to interference fringe. Photons are also point particles with inherent vibration. When photons pass through slits, they interact with slit wall and produce deflection, so as to form photon diffraction and interference fringes. The hypothesis of wave particle duality is invalid.