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Iranian Journal of Physics Research

Investigation of entanglement of atomic systems near coherent perfect absorber materials

Ehsan Amooghorban, Azar Bagherzadeh, Gholamhossein Heidary

Published Mar 1, 2024• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Recently, coherent perfect absorbers have received much attention from researchers in the field of classical optics. Such absorbers, known as a time-reversal of lasers, provide perfect absorption of the incident light. Considering the very attractive features of these materials, in this paper, we investigate the quantum optics of these materials. To do this, we consider two coherent perfect absorber structures and assume two identical two-level atoms; one of which is prepared in its ground state and the other in the excited state, are placed on both sides of the coherent perfect absorber slabs. We compute the spontaneous emission rate, Lamb shift, and collective decay of atoms near two slabs, and then investigate the entanglement dynamics of the atomic system using the concurrence. We find that these parameters exhibit a damped oscillatory behavior with increasing the distance between the atoms and the slabs. In contrast to the classical regime, we also observe that these structures are not the perfect absorbers in the quantum regime.

DOI
10.47176/ijpr.23.4.91753

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Recently, coherent perfect absorbers have received much attention from researchers in the field of classical optics. Such absorbers, known as a time-reversal of lasers, provide perfect absorption of the incident light. Considering the very attractive features of these materials, in this paper, we investigate the quantum optics of these materials. To do this, we consider two coherent perfect absorber structures and assume two identical two-level atoms; one of which is prepared in its ground state and the other in the excited state, are placed on both sides of the coherent perfect absorber slabs. We compute the spontaneous emission rate, Lamb shift, and collective decay of atoms near two slabs, and then investigate the entanglement dynamics of the atomic system using the concurrence. We find that these parameters exhibit a damped oscillatory behavior with increasing the distance between the atoms and the slabs. In contrast to the classical regime, we also observe that these structures are not the perfect absorbers in the quantum regime.
We propose and analyze a scheme for controlling coherent photon transmission and reflection in a cavity-quantum-electrodynamics (CQED) system consisting of an optical resonator coupled with three-level atoms coherently prepared by a control laser from free space. When the control laser is off and the cavity is excited by two identical light fields from two ends of the cavity, the two input light fields can be completely absorbed by the CQED system and the light energy is converted into the excitation of the polariton states, but no light can escape from the cavity. Two distinct cases of controlling the perfect photon absorption are analyzed: (a) when the control laser is tuned to the atomic resonance and creates electromagnetically induced transparency, the perfect photon absorption is suppressed and the input light fields are nearly completely transmitted through the cavity; (b) when the control laser is tuned to the polariton state resonance and inhibits the polariton state excitation, the perfect photon absorption is again suppressed and the input light fields are nearly completely reflected from the cavity. Thus, the CQED system can act as a perfect absorber or near-perfect transmitter and/or reflector by simply turning the control laser off or on. Such interference control of the coherent photon-atom interaction in the CQED system should be useful for a variety of applications in optical logical devices.
In the past few years, a new phenomenon of absorption, called “coherent perfect absorption (CPA)”, has attracted significant attentions [1, 2]. CPA relies on the coherent interference of light. In a typical CPA system, two coherent beams are incident on the absorber from opposite sides and the reflected light of one beam interfere with the transmitted light of the other and vice versa. CPA was first realized using a silicon slab cavity, and has then been reported in composite absorptive films, planar metamaterials, graphene, waveguides and so on.
Quantum interference and coherence lead to many interesting phenomenon and applications in quantum optics. In this dissertation, we study the quantum coherent properties in the following systems and aspects. We first investigate the optical bistability in a combined cavity-cold atoms system. In such a system the atom-photon interaction provides an optical lattice to the atoms and affects the mechanical motion of the atoms while atoms induce a position dependent phase shift on the cavity field. This highly nonlinearity induces optical bistability of intra-cavity photon number with respect to the pumping light added along the cavity axis. We show that the presence of this bistability can be controlled by a second pumping field added perpendicular to the cavity axis. It is also found that the critical input intensity of switching from one branch of bistability to the other depends on the the way of the field being added. This behavior is similar to the anomalous switching of the dispersive optical bistability of atomic media in the cavity. We also study the effect of counter-rotating terms in the control of spontaneous emission. We make use of a unitary transformation method and investigate the effect of dynamic energy shifts on the spontaneous emission modification via quantum interference in a four-level atomic system. We show that the counter-rotating terms, which are normally neglected in the usual investigation of atomic systems, do produce a significant influence on the evolution of the atomic amplitudes and the emission spectrum. This effect of counter-rotating terms can be observed in the time scale of the decay rate even when the dipole moments of the two upper levels are orthogonal to each other. The effect of counter-rotating terms on the spontaneous emission in a 3-D anisotropic photonic crystal is also discussed. It is shown that the behavior of the emission is similar to the case making rotating wave approximation, i.e., the localized and propagating fields are also separated by two characteristic atomic transition frequencies. However, the two characteristic frequencies are shifted due to the full Lamb shift which is obtained with counter-rotating terms being included in the Hamiltonian. We also utilize the unitary transformation method to show how the Lamb shift in a multi-level atom can be controlled by a driving field. Finally, we propose a subwavelength atom localization scheme for an atom located in a standing-wave field. The strategy is based on the observation that the photon statistics of resonance fluorescence depends on the position-dependent Rabi frequency.
Recent works [Chong et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, 053901 (2010); Wan et al., Science 331, 889 (2011)] have shown that the time-reversed process of lasing at threshold realizes a coherent perfect absorber (CPA). In a CPA, a lossy medium in an optical cavity with a specific degree of dissipation, equal in modulus to the gain of the lasing medium, can perfectly absorb coherent optical waves at discrete frequencies that are the time-reversed counterpart of the lasing modes. Here the concepts of time reversal of lasing and CPA are extended for optical radiation emitted by a laser operated in an arbitrary regime, i.e., for transient, chaotic, or periodic coherent optical fields. We prove that any electromagnetic signal E(t)E(t)E(t) generated by a laser system SSS operated in an arbitrary regime can be perfectly absorbed by a CPA device ${S}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ which is simply realized by placing inside SSS a broadband linear absorber (attenuator) of appropriate transmittance. As examples, we discuss CPA devices that perfectly absorb a chaotic laser signal and a frequency-modulated optical wave.
In the time-reversed counterpart to laser emission, incident coherent optical fields are perfectly absorbed within a resonator that contains a loss medium instead of a gain medium. The incident fields and frequency must coincide with those of the corresponding laser with gain. We demonstrated this effect for two counterpropagating incident fields in a silicon cavity, showing that scattering [corrected] can be modulated [corrected] by two orders of magnitude, the maximum predicted by theory for our experimental setup. In addition, we showed that absorption can be reduced substantially by varying the relative phase of the incident fields. The device, termed a "coherent perfect absorber," functions as an absorptive interferometer, with potential practical applications in integrated optics.
It has been shown that perfect photon absorption can occur in the linear excitation regime of cavity quantum electrodynamics (CQED), in which photons from two identical light fields coupled into two ends of the cavity are completely absorbed and result in excitation of the polariton state of the CQED system. The output light from the cavity is totally suppressed by destructive interference and the polariton state can only decay incoherently back to the ground state. Here we analyze perfect photon absorption and the onset of optical bistability in the nonlinear regime of the CQED and show that perfect photon absorption persists in the nonlinear regime of the CQED below the threshold of optical bistability. Therefore perfect photon absorption is a phenomenon that can be observed in both linear and nonlinear regimes of CQED. Furthermore, our study reveals that optical bistability is influenced by input-light interference and can be manipulated by varying the relative phase of the two input fields.