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International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications

A Novel Quantum Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing Transmission Scheme

Mohammed Rabeea Almasaoodi, Abdulbasit M. A. Sabaawi, Sara El Gaily, Sándor Imre

Published Jan 1, 2024• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

Recently, extensive research attention has been dedicated to enabling Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM) waveforms to be compatible with a modern communication system. Encoding data as OFDM wavelengths still has a lot of problems, like the peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) and the cyclic prefix (CP), which are important factors that affect how efficiently the spectrum is used. To meet the quality-of-service requirements imposed by communication system applications, this paper proposes to replace the classical encoding and decoding schemes, classical channel, discrete Fourier transform (DFT), and inverse discrete Fourier transform (IDFT) with their classical counterparts. This new quantum OFDM transmission scheme allows for the preparation of a quantum OFDM symbol without the need to incorporate a CP. To validate the accuracy of the suggested quantum OFDM transmission scheme, we compared it with the most widely recognised reference quantum transmission scheme. We have demonstrated that increasing the channel resistivity results in a higher probability of correctly measuring the quantum state in the quantum OFDM transmission scheme compared to the reference quantum transmission scheme. The results are verified by IBM's Qiskit.

DOI
10.14569/ijacsa.2024.0150544

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Recently, extensive research attention has been dedicated to enabling Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM) waveforms to be compatible with a modern communication system. Encoding data as OFDM wavelengths still has a lot of problems, like the peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) and the cyclic prefix (CP), which are important factors that affect how efficiently the spectrum is used. To meet the quality-of-service requirements imposed by communication system applications, this paper proposes to replace the classical encoding and decoding schemes, classical channel, discrete Fourier transform (DFT), and inverse discrete Fourier transform (IDFT) with their classical counterparts. This new quantum OFDM transmission scheme allows for the preparation of a quantum OFDM symbol without the need to incorporate a CP. To validate the accuracy of the suggested quantum OFDM transmission scheme, we compared it with the most widely recognised reference quantum transmission scheme. We have demonstrated that increasing the channel resistivity results in a higher probability of correctly measuring the quantum state in the quantum OFDM transmission scheme compared to the reference quantum transmission scheme. The results are verified by IBM's Qiskit.
The integration of Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM) with contemporary communication systems faces challenges, notably the requirement of a cyclic prefix (CP), which affects spectral efficiency. This paper proposes a novel quantum OFDM transmission method that utilizes quantum mechanisms for encoding, decoding, and channel processes, replacing the need for Discrete Fourier Transforms (DFT) and Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform (IDFT). This advanced quantum OFDM model eliminates the CP requirement and, when compared to a standard quantum transmission scheme, shows improved accuracy in quantum state measurement, especially in channels with higher resistivity. The results have been validated using simulations on IBM’s Qiskit platform.
Quantum communication offers a promising solution to overcome the limitations of classical communication, especially in addressing channel noise and signal fading. Inspired by classical Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM), this study introduces a novel Quantum OFDM (QOFDM) framework for image transmission over noisy quantum channels. In the proposed system, the input image bitstream is channel encoded and then quantum encoded using qubit sizes ranging from 1 to 8, optimizing the trade-off between complexity and performance. This data is processed via serial-to-parallel conversion, and the Quantum Fourier Transform (QFT) is applied to create orthogonal subcarriers. After reconversion to serial, a cyclic prefix is added to mitigate inter-symbol interference. At the receiver, the cyclic prefix is removed, the signal is converted to parallel, and Inverse QFT (IQFT) is applied to recover the quantum states. The system then performs parallel-to-serial conversion, quantum decoding, and classical reconstruction to retrieve the transmitted image. Performance evaluation using Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR) and Structural Similarity Index Measure (SSIM) shows that QOFDM outperforms classical OFDM in both image quality and noise resilience. The eight-qubit configuration achieves notable channel Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) gains, 22 dB in urban environments, and 16 dB in indoor settings over classical BPSK, despite higher computational demands. These results demonstrate the significant potential of QOFDM to improve multimedia communications.
Quantum communication presents new opportunities for overcoming the limitations of classical wireless systems, particularly those associated with noise, fading, and interference. Building upon the principles of classical orthogonal frequency division multi-plexing (OFDM), this work proposes a quantum OFDM architecture tailored for video transmission. In the proposed system, video sequences are first compressed using the versatile video coding (VVC) standard with different group of pictures (GOP) sizes. Each GOP size is processed through a channel encoder and mapped to multi-qubit states with various qubit configurations. The quantum-encoded data is converted from serial-to-parallel form and passed through the quantum Fourier transform (QFT) to generate mutually orthogonal quantum subcarriers. Following reserialization, a cyclic prefix is appended to mitigate inter-symbol interference within the quantum channel. At the receiver, the cyclic prefix is removed, and the signal is restored to parallel before the inverse QFT (IQFT) recovers the original quantum subcarriers. Quantum decoding, classical channel decoding, and VVC reconstruction are then employed to recover the videos. Experimental evaluations across different GOP sizes and channel conditions demonstrate that quantum OFDM provides superior resilience to channel noise and improved perceptual quality compared to classical OFDM, achieving peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) up to 47.60 dB, structural similarity index measure (SSIM) up to 0.9987, and video multi-method assessment fusion (VMAF) up to 96.40. Notably, the eight-qubit encoding scheme consistently achieves the highest SNR gains across all channels, underscoring the potential of quantum OFDM as a foundation for future high-quality video transmission.
Quantum communication stands on the precipice of a transformative leap with the advent of Quantum Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (Q-OFDM). Drawing from the classical OFDM paradigm, Q-OFDM utilizes the Quantum Fourier Transform (QFT) and its inverse (IQFT) for high-fidelity information encoding and decoding across quantum channels. This study presents a novel Q-OFDM communication model that utilizes quantum superposition and entanglement to distribute data over many orthogonal quantum states, like frequency channels in conventional OFDM. Using the Qiskit platform, we meticulously analyze the bit error rate (BER) across various quantum rotations—Rx, Ry, and Rz—focusing on the rotation anglesθ={20,50,100}\boldsymbol{\theta}=\{\mathbf{20},\mathbf{50},\mathbf{100}\}θ={20,50,100}degrees. Our simulations reveal critical insights into the BER behavior in response to quantum gate operations, with larger qubit counts showing intrinsic error reduction. Accentuating the Q-OFDM system's robustness against quantum noise and operational errors.
In this paper, we propose quantum orthogonal frequency division multiple access (Q-OFDMA), a novel quantum communication scheme designed to overcome the fidelity limitations imposed by noise in multi-user quantum networks. Inspired by its classical counterpart, Q-OFDMA employs the quantum Fourier transform (QFT) and its inverse (IQFT) to encode and decode information across quantum channels. We evaluate our model under both a depolarization channel and a generalized noise model that interpolates between depolarizing and phase-damping noises. The simulation results conducted on Qiskit platform demonstrate that Q-OFDMA outperforms the reference model, achieving superior average fidelity across varying qubit counts and noise levels.
The feasibility of cost-effective simultaneous quantum and classical communication (SQCC) transmitting both the quantum key and classical information via a superimposed coherent state is investigated both in optical and Terahertz (THz) bands. Since the existing THz SQCC schemes assume single-carrier (SC) transmission over flat fading channels, we embark on investigating SQCC in realistic frequency-selective multipath THz fading channels. We then propose an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) based SQCC system for time-invariant frequency-selective THz scenarios, supported by low-density parity-check coded (LDPC) multidimensional QKD reconciliation schemes. Our simulation results demonstrate that the OFDM-based SQCC scheme is capable of achieving a practical secret key rate (SKR) over a wide range of power sharing scenarios between the classical and quantum signals. By contrast its single-carrier counterpart requires the classical signal to be at least 100 times stronger than the quantum signal in THz SQCC.