Abstract Quantum secret sharing as a privacy‐preserving scheme necessitating collaborative efforts from all participating users to collectively recover encrypted information. This paper introduces a novel dynamic multi‐party to multi‐party quantum secret sharing protocol based on Bell states, enabling secure sharing of secrets among dynamically changing multi‐party. The protocol innovatively employs Bell states combined with simplified local unitary operations, significantly reducing the complexity and enhancing the scalability of practical implementations in quantum communication systems. Particularly, through simulation using IBM's Qiskit framework, its correctness and practicality are confirmed. Security analysis demonstrates that the protocol effectively withstands common attack methods, providing reliability, and security in quantum communication. This research presents a more flexible and efficient solution in the field of quantum secret sharing.
Abstract Quantum secret sharing as a privacy‐preserving scheme necessitating collaborative efforts from all participating users to collectively recover encrypted information. This paper introduces a novel dynamic multi‐party to multi‐party quantum secret sharing protocol based on Bell states, enabling secure sharing of secrets among dynamically changing multi‐party. The protocol innovatively employs Bell states combined with simplified local unitary operations, significantly reducing the complexity and enhancing the scalability of practical implementations in quantum communication systems. Particularly, through simulation using IBM's Qiskit framework, its correctness and practicality are confirmed. Security analysis demonstrates that the protocol effectively withstands common attack methods, providing reliability, and security in quantum communication. This research presents a more flexible and efficient solution in the field of quantum secret sharing.
Abstract To address the challenge of disseminating confidential information from multiple agents to multiple agents, a dynamic quantum secret sharing protocol is proposed for multiparty ( agents in the Group 1) to multiparty ( agents in the Group 2) based on entanglement swapping of Bell states. This protocol accommodates an unequal number of agents in two groups with and enables the addition and revocation of agents in the Group 2 in both the pre‐measurement phase and the post‐measurement phase. In addition, agents in the Group 1 can verify the shares of agents in the Group 2 without the need for a third party, which significantly enhances the security and simplifies the protocol. A comprehensive security analysis demonstrates that the protocol can effectively resist common attacks in quantum communications. The simulation on the IBM's Qiskit framework shows the correctness and usefulness of the protocol. Compared with previous protocols, the protocol is more flexible and practical. Moreover, the protocol based on Bell states exhibits superior performance compared with previous protocols that utilised others entangled states. This study offers a more flexible and efficient solution for advancing the field of quantum secure communications.
In this paper, we propose an efficient multi-party quantum secret sharing scheme based on GHZ entangled state. The participants in this scheme are divided into two groups, and share secrets as a group. There is no need to exchange any measurement information between the two groups, reducing the security problems caused by the communication process. Each participant holds one particle from each GHZ state; it can be found that the particles of each GHZ state are related after measuring them, and the eavesdropping detection can detect external attacks based on this characteristic. Furthermore, since the participants within the two groups encode the measured particles, they can recover the same secrets. Security analysis shows that the protocol can resist the intercept-and-resend attack and entanglement measurement attack, and the simulation results show that the probability of an external attacker being detected is proportional to the amount of information he can obtain. Compared with the existing protocols, this proposed protocol is more secure, has less quantum resources and is more practical.
This paper proposes a dynamic multiparty to multiparty quantum secret sharing scheme, where two distant groups of participants can share the common secrets. In our present scheme, a trusted third party is required to reliably prepare all quantum resources. Each agent only needs to perform the local unitary operations or single-particle measurement completing the process of secret sharing. Secret can be recovered only if all agents cooperate each other. Furthermore, a new agent can be added or deleted from the current scheme with the help of the trusted third party. Finally, security analysis shows that our scheme can resist various common attacks. Compared to former existing researches, our scheme can be more efficient in real application.
Quantum secret sharing (QSS) is a cryptographic protocol that utilizes fundamental principles of quantum mechanics to securely distribute and reconstruct secret information among multiple participants. Most existing protocols rely on entangled states (such as Bell and GHZ states), but in practical applications. The preparation of entangled state is constrained by a short quantum coherence time, low state fidelity, etc., which makes it difficult to implement entangled resource-dependent QSS protocols. In this work, a novel practical and verifiable multi-party QSS protocol is proposed based on orthogonal product states, which are easier to prepare than entangled states. During the protocol preparation stage, the secret distributor first converts pre-shared classical secret information into the corresponding orthogonal product states according to the encoding rules, and pre-shares a communication key with participants via quantum key distribution (QKD), which is used to hide the initial quantum sequence information through subsequent particle transformation operations. After preparing the orthogonal product states, the distributor reorganizes the particles by position, extracting particles at the same position from each state to form new sequences, shuffling their order, then applying Hadamard operations using a pre-shared key, inserting decoy particles, and sending the sequences to the participants. After receiving it, participants conduct eavesdropping detection, use the same key for the inverse transformations, retain one particle from each sequence, and sequentially pass the remaining particles until the last participant receives a complete set, triggering state verification with the arbiter distributor. If the verification is successful, the particles will be returned to the first participant and the return stage will follow the same procedure. Only after both the transmission and return stage verifications have passed, will the distributor reveal the initial particle positions, allowing participants to collaboratively reconstruct the secret. In the protocol, the secret distributor acts as an arbitrator to verify the particle state information together with participants at designated points (the end of the transmission stage and the end of the return stage) in order to determine whether the particle-state information is error-free during transmission. If the verification fails at either stage, the protocol will be terminated immediately. Meanwhile, considering that the number of participants may change during the execution of the protocol, a dynamic scheme for personnel changes is designed to ensure the flexibility of the protocol. Through the analysis of possible internal and external attacks, It can be proven that our protocol can effectively resist the existing common attack. Using Qiskit simulation experiments, the core quantum procedures of the protocol can be successfully modeled. The experimental results provide strong computational validation of the theoretical feasibility of the protocol.
Abstract Semi-quantum secret sharing (SQSS) protocols serve as fundamental frameworks in quantum secure multi-party computations, offering the advantage of not requiring all users to possess intricate quantum devices. However, current SQSS protocols mainly cater to bipartite scenarios, with few protocols suitable for multi-party scenarios. Moreover, the multi-party SQSS protocols face limitations such as low qubit efficiency and inability to share deterministic secret information. To address this gap, this paper proposes a multi-party SQSS protocol based on multi-particle GHZ states. In this protocol, the quantum user can distribute the predetermined secret information to multiple classical users with limited quantum capabilities, and only through mutual cooperation among all classical users can the correct secret information be reconstructed. By utilizing measure-flip and reflect operations, the transmitted multi-particle GHZ states can all contribute keys, thereby improving the utilization of transmitted particles. Then, security analysis shows that the protocol’s resilience against prevalent external and internal threats. Additionally, employing IBM Qiskit, we conduct quantum circuit simulations to validate the protocol’s accuracy and feasibility. Finally, compared to similar studies, the proposed protocol has advantages in terms of protocol scalability, qubit efficiency, and shared message types.
Semi-quantum secret sharing (SQSS) protocols serve as fundamental frameworks in quantum secure multi-party computations, offering the advantage of not requiring all users to possess intricate quantum devices. However, the current landscape of SQSS protocols predominantly caters to bipartite scenarios, rendering them inadequate for practical multi-party secret sharing requirements. Addressing this gap, this paper proposes a novel SQSS protocol based on multi-particle GHZ states. In this protocol, the quantum user distributes predetermined secret information to multiple classical users with limited quantum capabilities, necessitating collaborative efforts among all classical users to reconstruct the correct secret information. By utilizing measure-flip and reflect operations, the transmitted multi-particle GHZ states can all contribute keys, thereby improving the utilization of transmitted particles. Security analysis shows that the protocol's resilience against prevalent external and internal threats. Additionally, employing IBM Qiskit, we conduct quantum circuit simulations to validate the protocol's accuracy and feasibility. Compared with similar studies, the proposed protocol has advantages in terms of protocol scalability, qubit efficiency, and shared message types.