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Applicable Analysis

Heisenberg–Pauli–Weyl uncertainty principle for ambiguity function

Ping Liang, Pei Dang, Weixiong Mai, Shuang Li

Published May 22, 2024• 2 citations
Publisher

Abstract

In this paper, we prove a stronger type of Heisenberg–Pauli–Weyl uncertainty principle for ambiguity function. An example is used to demonstrate the obtained result, and related uncertainty principles for short-time Fourier transform and Wigner distribution are given, respectively. In addition, we introduce the so-called K-ambiguity function, and obtain the related Heisenberg–Pauli–Weyl uncertainty principle.

DOI
10.1080/00036811.2024.2355660

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In this paper, we prove a stronger type of Heisenberg–Pauli–Weyl uncertainty principle for ambiguity function. An example is used to demonstrate the obtained result, and related uncertainty principles for short-time Fourier transform and Wigner distribution are given, respectively. In addition, we introduce the so-called K-ambiguity function, and obtain the related Heisenberg–Pauli–Weyl uncertainty principle.
The focus of this article is to propose two different versions of the Heisenberg uncertainty principle related to the fractional Fourier transform (FrFT). The first version is directly derived using the basic connection between the traditional Fourier transform (FT) and the FrFT, and the second is derived by exploiting time differentiation property and Parseval’s formula for the FrFT. In addition, a weighted uncertainty inequality related to this transformation is investigated. As a simple illustration of the use of the obtained results, we design the fractional characteristic function. An inequality describing the relation between the probability density function and its fractional characteristic function is presented.
The phase space characteristics of a quantum state are best captured by the Wigner distribution. This displays transparently the diagonality information of the density matrix. The complementary function offering transparently the off-diagonal elements is captured by a function called the S-function, or the ambiguity. In carrying the maximal information about the quantum coherences it represents the uncertainties or ambiguity of the diagonal information. Mathematically this is manifested in its role as the phase space moment generating function. Formally it complements the information in the Wigner function. These formal relations provide the starting point for the present investigations. As a measure of quantum uncertainties, ambiguity may be used to define a probability measure on the off-diagonality. The mathematical and physical consistency of this view is presented in this paper. For a pure state, we find the extraordinary result that such distributions are their own Fourier transforms. The physical interpretation of this distribution as a carrier of classical signal fuzziness suggests the introduction of heuristic approximations to the observational uncertainties. We illustrate the properties and interpretation of the ambiguity function by some specific examples. We find that for smooth, ‘Gaussian-like’ distributions, the heuristic considerations provide good approximations. On the other hand, representing quantum interferences, the ambiguity serves as the most positive probe for the ultimate quantum structures which have been called sub-Planckian. They are interesting because it has been argued that such structures are physically observable.