A substantial spike in the need for quality healthcare has resulted from people being more cognizant of health issues. With blockchain, healthcare providers may safely share patient information electronically, which is especially important given the sensitive nature of the data contained inside them. However, flaws in the current blockchain design have surfaced since the dawn of quantum computing systems. The study proposes a novel quantum inspired blockchain system (Qchain) and constructs a unique entangled quantum medical record (EQMR)system with an emphasis on privacy and security. This Qchain relies on entangled states to connect its blocks. Automated production of the chronology indicator reduces storage capacity requirements by connecting entangled BloQ (blocks with quantum properties) with controlled activities. One qubit is used to store the hash value of each block. A lot of information regarding quantum internet is included in the protocol for the entangled quantum medical record (EQMR). EQMR can be accessed in Medical Internet of Things (M-IoT) systems may be kept private and secure, and their where-abouts can be monitored in the event of an emergency. The protocol also uses quantum authentication in place of more conventional methods like encryption and digital signatures. Mathematical research shows that the quantum converged blockchain (QCB) is highly safe against attacks such as the External attack, Intercept-Measure-Repeat attack, and Entanglement-Measure attack. The reliability and auditability evaluations of the entangled BloQ, as well as the quantum circuit design for computing the hash value, are presented. There's also a comparison between the suggested approach and several other quantum blockchain designs.
A substantial spike in the need for quality healthcare has resulted from people being more cognizant of health issues. With blockchain, healthcare providers may safely share patient information electronically, which is especially important given the sensitive nature of the data contained inside them. However, flaws in the current blockchain design have surfaced since the dawn of quantum computing systems. The study proposes a novel quantum inspired blockchain system (Qchain) and constructs a unique entangled quantum medical record (EQMR)system with an emphasis on privacy and security. This Qchain relies on entangled states to connect its blocks. Automated production of the chronology indicator reduces storage capacity requirements by connecting entangled BloQ (blocks with quantum properties) with controlled activities. One qubit is used to store the hash value of each block. A lot of information regarding quantum internet is included in the protocol for the entangled quantum medical record (EQMR). EQMR can be accessed in Medical Internet of Things (M-IoT) systems may be kept private and secure, and their where-abouts can be monitored in the event of an emergency. The protocol also uses quantum authentication in place of more conventional methods like encryption and digital signatures. Mathematical research shows that the quantum converged blockchain (QCB) is highly safe against attacks such as the External attack, Intercept-Measure-Repeat attack, and Entanglement-Measure attack. The reliability and auditability evaluations of the entangled BloQ, as well as the quantum circuit design for computing the hash value, are presented. There's also a comparison between the suggested approach and several other quantum blockchain designs.
The development of blockchain technology has had far-reaching effects, notably on environmental monitoring, by radically altering the nature of decentralized processing and data integrity. Traditional blockchains, on the other hand, have problems with security, energy efficiency, and scalability. This study introduces QHealth- a smart healthcare consensus method for Quantum Entangled Medical Record (EQMR) Protocol which is part of our research work QUMA: Quantum Unified Medical Architecture using Blockchain. QHealth makes use of entanglement principles and verified quantum random numbers. Based on real-time sensor data from M-IoT sensors, QHealth simulated a blockchain network with 5 to 50 nodes, improving transaction throughput, consensus time, and energy efficiency. The study took into account things like data size, ambient noise, and network latency. Due to factors such as network size and data complexity, performance showed a nonlinear relationship with node count. Energy usage showed a non-linear growth with the number of nodes, although consensus time climbed logarithmically. When it comes to smart health and other conscious uses of blockchain technology, QHealth represents a positive step forward. It improves energy efficiency, transaction processing, decentralization, and security by using quantum entanglement. The study lays the groundwork for effective and sustainable environmental monitoring using blockchain, which has far-reaching consequences.
The rapid digitalisation of healthcare has accelerated the adoption of telemedicine, Electronic Health Records (EHRs), and the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT), transforming healthcare delivery into a highly interconnected and patient-centric ecosystem. In response to growing concerns about data security, privacy, and interoperability, blockchain technology has emerged as a promising solution for its decentralization, immutability, auditability, and secure access control. However, many existing blockchain infrastructures rely on classical cryptographic primitives, including RSA- or elliptic-curve-based public-key mechanisms and cryptographic hash functions such as SHA-256, whose relevant security properties may be affected by sufficiently powerful quantum attacks. This review investigates the convergence of blockchain and quantum technologies to address emerging security threats in e-health systems. A structured literature review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA 2020 guidelines using the IEEE Xplore, PubMed, ACM Digital Library, Google Scholar, and Crossref databases, covering studies published between January 2018 and June 2025. Following a systematic screening and eligibility-verification process, 57 relevant studies were selected and analyzed. The review evaluates quantum-resilient security mechanisms, including Quantum Key Distribution (QKD), Quantum Random Number Generation (QRNG), and NIST-standardized Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC) algorithms specified in FIPS 203, FIPS 204, and FIPS 205. Based on the identified research gaps in the state of the art, this study also proposes a novel four-layer Quantum-Blockchain Security Architecture (QBSA) designed for secure healthcare environments. The analysis further reveals significant challenges associated with lightweight PQC deployment for IoMT devices, interoperability standardization, quantum hardware limitations, and regulatory compliance in cross-institutional healthcare systems. The findings highlight the necessity of integrating quantum-resilient cryptographic frameworks with blockchain infrastructures to support the development of secure, scalable, and patient-centric next-generation e-health ecosystems.
Background and Aims: Rising quantum hazards and flaws in conventional encryption make cloud-based healthcare data security harder. Quantum-Secure HealthChain, a new architecture using blockchain and quantum computing, improves medical data security, patient privacy, and data fidelity. Methods: To prevent quantum attacks, the proposed system uses Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) for safe cryptographic key exchange and quantum-resistant encryption. Blockchain technology secures medical records, while multi-layered encryption ensures data privacy. Quantum Biometric Authentication improves access control using quantum entanglement and biometric data. Key generation, encryption, blockchain storage, authentication, and decryption are system process steps. Experimental evaluation focuses on encryption speed, resource economy, throughput, and scalability using simulated healthcare data. Results: Experimental data demonstrate system strength and efficiency. Encryption and decryption perform consistently for 1 to 100 MB data sizes with negligible overhead. Throughput can reach 105 transactions per second under normal demand; CPU (82%) and memory (210 MB) utilization are low. Scalability studies show linear expansion lets the system handle increased data volumes and user demands without sacrificing performance. Security study confirms quantum attack, data corruption, and unauthorized access resistance. Conclusion: Quantum-Secure HealthChain offers a revolutionary method to cloud-based healthcare system security. Blockchain-quantum computing integration ensures strong authentication, safe key exchange, and quantum-resistant encryption. Its security, scalability, and efficiency make it a future-ready platform for safe medical data management, reducing quantum computing hazards.
Security and privacy are issues that cannot be ignored when collecting and processing medical data in the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT). The blockchain technology is a decentralized ledger system that has diverse application scenarios in the medical field. The blockchain technology relies on traditional cryptography to ensure data integrity and verifiability, but the creation of quantum computing has made it possible to break traditional encryption and signature methods. Therefore, quantum blockchain can provide a higher level of security for handling medical data. This article innovatively designs a new medical data processing system based on quantum blockchain (QB-IMD). In QB-IMD, a quantum blockchain structure and a novel electronic medical record algorithm (QEMR) are proposed to ensure that the processed data is legitimate and tamper-proof. QEMR combines quantum signature and quantum identity authentication to avoid the potential security risks of digital signatures. In addition, through delegated computing by quantum cloud, medical diagnostic data can be computed without leaking to quantum cloud servers, thus protecting user privacy. Through mathematical proof, theoretical analysis, and simulation, it is demonstrated that our scheme can resist six attacks and is feasible to protect user privacy.
The emergence of Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) for medical data collection and pre-processing has raised concerns regarding the privacy and security of the data. For many years, the decentralized technology of blockchain has ensured that data is secure and protected from intruders. However, with the emergence of quantum computing, blockchain is vulnerable because it relies on traditional cryptography. Therefore quantum-based blockchain emerged as a solution, it provides more security and ensures data integrity. In this study, MedQNet, a quantum-based platform integrating Quantum-based blockchain to store medical records, and additionally a Quantum-based cloud processing is proposed for secure medical data processing while preserving user privacy. A quantum-aided convolutional neural network (QACNN) is employed to analyze and extract patterns from EEG signals for normal and seizure brain activity detection, demonstrating superior stability and accuracy under quantum noise. Furthermore, a hierarchical quantum mechanics-based framework processes EEG signals for feature extraction, followed by an improved hybrid QACNN with arbitrary nonlinear kernels for classification, achieving exponential speedup over classical methods. The analytical assessment confirms that the quantum ledger framework effectively resists various quantum-based risks, including external intrusions, entanglement-based assaults, and interception-measure-replay attacks. By combining the security strengths of quantum blockchain with the computational power of quantum machine learning, this integrated approach ensures reliable, high-performance processing of EEG signals in IoMT, advancing privacy-preserving performance that reaches up to 96.78% accuracy for healthcare solutions.
Abstract The integration of quantum-enhanced blockchain and digital twin technologies offers a potent solution for advancing healthcare data security, particularly in ensuring the integrity and confidentiality of medical records. This paper presents a comprehensive framework that leverages quantum computing principles to enhance the security of blockchain networks, while digital twins are utilized for securely managing and accessing medical records. The proposed Quantum-Enhanced Blockchain Architecture employs quantum key distribution protocols and lattice-based cryptography to protect against quantum attacks, ensuring a secure and scalable decentralized system. The Digital Twin Framework for Medical Record Confidentiality integrates encryption and access control mechanisms to safeguard patient data. A novel Healthcare Encryption Algorithm (HEA) is proposed for encrypting and decrypting data in the digital twin, ensuring confidentiality and privacy. Furthermore, the Quantum-Enhanced Blockchain and Digital Twin Integration Process (QBDTIP) outlines the steps involved in securely managing medical records using these technologies. Experimental results demonstrate the system's robustness against cyber-attacks, scalability, interoperability, and effectiveness in ensuring data integrity and confidentiality. Overall, this research highlights the transformative potential of integrating quantum-enhanced blockchain and digital twin technologies for enhancing healthcare data security.