Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

Chinese Optics

The influence factors and optimization of modulation transfer spectroscopy for laser frequency discrimination

Wang Yue-wei, Feifei Lu, HOU Xiao-kai, Junmin Wang

Published Jan 1, 2024• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

采用电光位相调制器对泵浦光进行位相调制，得到射频调制转移光谱 (MTS)，并研究MTS光谱的类色散信号中心过零点斜率优化问题。通过改变泵浦光的调制频率，泵浦光与探测光的光斑大小，研究MTS光谱信号过零点斜率与二者之间的参数依赖关系，在泵浦光调制频率为~3.6 MHz(大约是自然线宽的0.69倍)时，得到最佳的MTS光谱信号。最后利用最优的MTS光谱将DL Pro @ 852 nm 激光频率锁定到铯原子D2线(F = 4) − (F = 5’)循环跃迁，在60 min采样时间内激光频率起伏约为170 kHz，与自由运转时激光器~11 MHz的频率起伏相比，频率起伏得到了显著改善。

DOI
10.37188/co.2023-0191

Related papers

光纤通信窗口200 MHz宽带压缩态光场的制备（特邀）

梁少聪 Liang Shaocong, Jialin Cheng, 闫智辉 Yan Zhihui +1 more

正交压缩态的压缩方向与经典通信中的正交幅度调制兼容，因此基于正交压缩的量子通信协议更容易实现实用化和商用化。为此，在实验上制备了对应于光纤通信窗口的200 MHz宽带正交压缩态光场。首先，制作了腔长为8 mm的光学参量放大器，其半峰全宽达到210 MHz。然后，研制了1~300 MHz的低噪声平衡零拍探测器，其共模抑制比可以达到50 dB。最后，在1.3 μm波长处获得了带宽为200 MHz的宽带压缩态光场，这为开展高速量子通信提供了必要的量子光源。

Acta Optica Sinica (Online)•Jan 1, 2024•0 citations

Frequency Modulation Spectroscopy and Modulation Transfer Spectroscopy for Laser Stabilization to Rubidium Atomic Resonances

Jinni Wu, Ningxuan Zheng, Wenhui Li

We make a detailed comparison of frequency modulation spectroscopy (FMS) and modulation transfer spectroscopy (MTS) and of their applications in stabilizing laser frequency. In both FMS and MTS, intensity modulations of probe beam are observed in saturated absorption spectroscopy of 87Rb atoms. However, the two modulation profiles appear different due to their distinct origins. Demodulation gives rise to frequency discrimination spectra, which can serve as error signals for frequency locking. The optimal error signal of FMS has a larger linear slope but also a slanted baseline, in contrast to that of MTS. We apply FMS and MTS to stabilize two 780 nm external cavity diode lasers to D2 lines of 87Rb atoms. We measure laser linewidth and stability using beat notes of two independently locked lasers. A laser linewidth as narrow as 12.9 kHz is achieved in FMS locking, compared to 70.8 kHz in MTS locking. A laser stability at the level of 10−12 is reached in both schemes. Nevertheless, FMS locking offers a better short-term stability, whereas MTS locking yields a smaller long-term drift. Our investigation of FMS and MTS would be valuable for making a choice of these spectroscopy techniques for laser stabilization as well as other relevant applications.

Photonics•Oct 21, 2026•0 citations

Polarization anisotropy in absorption enhanced modulation transfer spectroscopy and laser locking for Rb D 1 line

Wen-Lei Zhao, Xinxiu Zhou, Wenxiang Xie +2 more

In a spin-exchange relaxation-free (SERF) atomic magnetometer, the pump and probe laser frequencies are tuned to the D 1 transition line of alkali metal atoms to enhance measurement sensitivity. The D 1 line, a non-cycling transition, exhibits a low absorption coefficient. This study theoretically analyzes the influence of different parameters on the absorption coefficient of the D 1 line and proposes a polarization-dependent approach to enhance it. A frequency stabilization method based on modulation transfer spectroscopy (MTS) with an enhanced absorption coefficient is introduced. Compared with the conventional method, optimizing the probe beam’s polarization increases the absorption coefficient, raising the amplitude of the MTS signal. The results show that using a stronger MTS signal for frequency stabilization reduces the laser's frequency noise. Using heterodyne measurement, we characterize the linewidth-narrowing effect of MTS locking and evaluate the frequency stability of the locked laser. The linewidth of each laser is reduced from the free-running 2.2 MHz to 885 kHz after MTS stabilization. The Allan deviation measurements of the beat signal between two locked lasers are 2.6 × 10 −11 / τ . This work provides a stable optical frequency reference for SERF atomic magnetometers and offers potential applications in extracting spatial information from optically pumped atoms.

Optics Express•May 16, 2025•5 citations

銫原子 6S-6D 雙光子超精細耦合常數

廖文聖

我們建立了一套 885 nm 穩頻雷射系統，透過電光調製器光纖，將雷射鎖在銫原子6S1/2 F=3到6D3/2 F=5的交叉譜線上，掃描銫原子6S1/2 F=4 到6D3/2 F=2,3,4,5的躍遷;同樣地，我們將雷射鎖在銫原子6S1/2 F=4 到6D3/2 F=3的交叉譜線上，掃描銫原子6S1/2 F=3到6D3/2 F=2,3,4,5的躍遷，藉此便可得到銫原子6D 3/2的超精細結構。此次我們所量得的 6S 1/2 F=3 到6D 3/2 F=2,3,4,5的躍遷間距分別為，81.767(29) MHz、65.315(19) MHz、49.148(23) MHz，其超精細耦合常數 A 與 B 分別為 16.346(2)、0.058(17)；S 1/2 F=4 到6D3/2 F=2,3,4,5的躍遷間距分別為， 81.763(17) MHz、65.320(19) MHz、49.149(3) MHz，其超精細耦合常數 A 與 B 分別為 16.331(3)、0.067(16)。 建立 885 nm 穩頻雷射的另一個目的是為了作為光梳雷射的參考頻率，透過我們實驗室的 822 nm 穩頻雷射，與此次我們所建立的885 nm 穩頻雷射，便可回授控制鈦藍寶石雷射的腔長，鎖住脈衝重覆率，以及回授控制AOM，鎖住鈦藍寶石雷射的偏移頻率，便可得到一穩定之光梳雷射。將頻率鎖在銫原子6S-8S躍遷(822 nm)與6S-6D躍遷(885 nm)的光梳頻雷射，其短期頻率穩定度優於以銫原子鐘做為參考的自參考光梳雷射。

•Jul 27, 2015•0 citations

基于超冷铒原子的双波长激光光纤相位噪声抑制

廖文敏 Liao Wenmin, 张思慧 Zhang Sihui, 段玉青 Duan Yuqing +2 more

以超冷铒原子系统冷却光的基频光作为探测光，主动补偿激发铒原子赫兹线宽能级跃迁的激光在光纤传输中引入的附加相位噪声。在不影响原有被传输亚赫兹线宽激光（1299 nm）的情况下，将相近波长的宽线宽基频光（1166 nm）从光纤输出端反向注入，实施外差拍频探测并主动反馈补偿。当两个波长激光的光纤传输噪声基本一致时，可极大地抑制亚赫兹线宽激光在光纤传输中由于温度和振动等因素引起的各种相位噪声。主动补偿后传输激光的线宽从锁定前的14.6 Hz压窄到锁定后的11.6 mHz，光频传输的1000 s稳定度从1.6×10-16提升到6.5×10-19，满足当前最高精度和稳定度光钟的光频传输需求。所发展的光频传送方案可作为被传输激光器功率不足或空间受限时的替代方案，也可用在单点对多点近距离传输网络中简化源端发送装置。

Laser & Optoelectronics Progress•Jan 1, 2024•0 citations

Frequency Stabilization Technology of 1560 nm Fiber Laser Based on Rubidium Modulation Transfer Spectroscopy

Yang Bai, Jun Ruan, Dandan Liu +3 more

The modulation transfer spectroscopy (MTS) technique used to stabilize two different transition lines of rubidium, required for laser cooling of atoms, is investigated. The laser source is based on a 1560 nm semiconductor laser diode that is amplified by an erbium doped fiber amplifier (EDFA). The laser output is frequency doubled with a fiber coupled periodically poled Lithium Niobate (PPLN) crystal to 780 nm. To address the weak spectral features of repumping laser, a theoretical study is conducted followed by experimental verification. The 87Rb D2 line F = 1 → F' = 0 transition temperature-enhanced MTS signal is observed, which provides a choice to stabilize the repumping laser frquency on the F = 1 → F ' = 2 transition using frequency shifting with acousto-optic modulators (AOMs). Compared with the orignal MTS signal, this method is shown to be more stable and accurate for laser frequency locking. Laer frequency locking is realized by controlling the driving current of the seed laser using digital PID feedback. After locking, the laser linewidth is 35.36 kHz.

IEEE photonics journal•May 20, 2024•5 citations
采用电光位相调制器对泵浦光进行位相调制，得到射频调制转移光谱 (MTS)，并研究MTS光谱的类色散信号中心过零点斜率优化问题。通过改变泵浦光的调制频率，泵浦光与探测光的光斑大小，研究MTS光谱信号过零点斜率与二者之间的参数依赖关系，在泵浦光调制频率为3.6 MHz(大约是自然线宽的0.69倍)时，得到最佳的MTS光谱信号。最后利用最优的MTS光谱将DL Pro @ 852 nm 激光频率锁定到铯原子D2线(F = 4) − (F = 5’)循环跃迁，在60 min采样时间内激光频率起伏约为170 kHz，与自由运转时激光器11 MHz的频率起伏相比，频率起伏得到了显著改善。
正交压缩态的压缩方向与经典通信中的正交幅度调制兼容，因此基于正交压缩的量子通信协议更容易实现实用化和商用化。为此，在实验上制备了对应于光纤通信窗口的200 MHz宽带正交压缩态光场。首先，制作了腔长为8 mm的光学参量放大器，其半峰全宽达到210 MHz。然后，研制了1~300 MHz的低噪声平衡零拍探测器，其共模抑制比可以达到50 dB。最后，在1.3 μm波长处获得了带宽为200 MHz的宽带压缩态光场，这为开展高速量子通信提供了必要的量子光源。
We make a detailed comparison of frequency modulation spectroscopy (FMS) and modulation transfer spectroscopy (MTS) and of their applications in stabilizing laser frequency. In both FMS and MTS, intensity modulations of probe beam are observed in saturated absorption spectroscopy of 87Rb atoms. However, the two modulation profiles appear different due to their distinct origins. Demodulation gives rise to frequency discrimination spectra, which can serve as error signals for frequency locking. The optimal error signal of FMS has a larger linear slope but also a slanted baseline, in contrast to that of MTS. We apply FMS and MTS to stabilize two 780 nm external cavity diode lasers to D2 lines of 87Rb atoms. We measure laser linewidth and stability using beat notes of two independently locked lasers. A laser linewidth as narrow as 12.9 kHz is achieved in FMS locking, compared to 70.8 kHz in MTS locking. A laser stability at the level of 10−12 is reached in both schemes. Nevertheless, FMS locking offers a better short-term stability, whereas MTS locking yields a smaller long-term drift. Our investigation of FMS and MTS would be valuable for making a choice of these spectroscopy techniques for laser stabilization as well as other relevant applications.
In a spin-exchange relaxation-free (SERF) atomic magnetometer, the pump and probe laser frequencies are tuned to the D 1 transition line of alkali metal atoms to enhance measurement sensitivity. The D 1 line, a non-cycling transition, exhibits a low absorption coefficient. This study theoretically analyzes the influence of different parameters on the absorption coefficient of the D 1 line and proposes a polarization-dependent approach to enhance it. A frequency stabilization method based on modulation transfer spectroscopy (MTS) with an enhanced absorption coefficient is introduced. Compared with the conventional method, optimizing the probe beam’s polarization increases the absorption coefficient, raising the amplitude of the MTS signal. The results show that using a stronger MTS signal for frequency stabilization reduces the laser's frequency noise. Using heterodyne measurement, we characterize the linewidth-narrowing effect of MTS locking and evaluate the frequency stability of the locked laser. The linewidth of each laser is reduced from the free-running 2.2 MHz to 885 kHz after MTS stabilization. The Allan deviation measurements of the beat signal between two locked lasers are 2.6 × 10 −11 / τ . This work provides a stable optical frequency reference for SERF atomic magnetometers and offers potential applications in extracting spatial information from optically pumped atoms.
我們建立了一套 885 nm 穩頻雷射系統，透過電光調製器光纖，將雷射鎖在銫原子6S1/2 F=3到6D3/2 F=5的交叉譜線上，掃描銫原子6S1/2 F=4 到6D3/2 F=2,3,4,5的躍遷;同樣地，我們將雷射鎖在銫原子6S1/2 F=4 到6D3/2 F=3的交叉譜線上，掃描銫原子6S1/2 F=3到6D3/2 F=2,3,4,5的躍遷，藉此便可得到銫原子6D 3/2的超精細結構。此次我們所量得的 6S 1/2 F=3 到6D 3/2 F=2,3,4,5的躍遷間距分別為，81.767(29) MHz、65.315(19) MHz、49.148(23) MHz，其超精細耦合常數 A 與 B 分別為 16.346(2)、0.058(17)；S 1/2 F=4 到6D3/2 F=2,3,4,5的躍遷間距分別為， 81.763(17) MHz、65.320(19) MHz、49.149(3) MHz，其超精細耦合常數 A 與 B 分別為 16.331(3)、0.067(16)。 建立 885 nm 穩頻雷射的另一個目的是為了作為光梳雷射的參考頻率，透過我們實驗室的 822 nm 穩頻雷射，與此次我們所建立的885 nm 穩頻雷射，便可回授控制鈦藍寶石雷射的腔長，鎖住脈衝重覆率，以及回授控制AOM，鎖住鈦藍寶石雷射的偏移頻率，便可得到一穩定之光梳雷射。將頻率鎖在銫原子6S-8S躍遷(822 nm)與6S-6D躍遷(885 nm)的光梳頻雷射，其短期頻率穩定度優於以銫原子鐘做為參考的自參考光梳雷射。
以超冷铒原子系统冷却光的基频光作为探测光，主动补偿激发铒原子赫兹线宽能级跃迁的激光在光纤传输中引入的附加相位噪声。在不影响原有被传输亚赫兹线宽激光（1299 nm）的情况下，将相近波长的宽线宽基频光（1166 nm）从光纤输出端反向注入，实施外差拍频探测并主动反馈补偿。当两个波长激光的光纤传输噪声基本一致时，可极大地抑制亚赫兹线宽激光在光纤传输中由于温度和振动等因素引起的各种相位噪声。主动补偿后传输激光的线宽从锁定前的14.6 Hz压窄到锁定后的11.6 mHz，光频传输的1000 s稳定度从1.6×10-16提升到6.5×10-19，满足当前最高精度和稳定度光钟的光频传输需求。所发展的光频传送方案可作为被传输激光器功率不足或空间受限时的替代方案，也可用在单点对多点近距离传输网络中简化源端发送装置。
The modulation transfer spectroscopy (MTS) technique used to stabilize two different transition lines of rubidium, required for laser cooling of atoms, is investigated. The laser source is based on a 1560 nm semiconductor laser diode that is amplified by an erbium doped fiber amplifier (EDFA). The laser output is frequency doubled with a fiber coupled periodically poled Lithium Niobate (PPLN) crystal to 780 nm. To address the weak spectral features of repumping laser, a theoretical study is conducted followed by experimental verification. The 87Rb D2 line F = 1 → F' = 0 transition temperature-enhanced MTS signal is observed, which provides a choice to stabilize the repumping laser frquency on the F = 1 → F ' = 2 transition using frequency shifting with acousto-optic modulators (AOMs). Compared with the orignal MTS signal, this method is shown to be more stable and accurate for laser frequency locking. Laer frequency locking is realized by controlling the driving current of the seed laser using digital PID feedback. After locking, the laser linewidth is 35.36 kHz.