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Scientific American

This Twist on Schrödinger's Cat Paradox Has Major Implications for Quantum Theory

Zeeya Merali

Published Oct 1, 2020• 5 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1038/scientificamerican102020-rxeuwxbf4ay8yscib4z2b

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This paper offers a comprehensive analysis of Wigner’s Friend paradox (1961), a foundational thought experiment in quantum mechanics that highlights the tension between the internal perspective of a measuring observer (who experiences a definite outcome) and the external perspective of a super-observer who treats the entire laboratory as a quantum system in superposition. It traces the historical lineage from Schrödinger’s cat and von Neumann’s measurement theory, provides a formal mathematical description of the state evolution and logical structure of the paradox, examines implications for major interpretations of quantum mechanics (Copenhagen, Everettian many-worlds, QBism, relational quantum mechanics, and objective collapse theories), and discusses modern extensions such as the Frauchiger–Renner paradox. The work explores profound philosophical and epistemological consequences for the nature of observation, objectivity, intersubjectivity, and the role of consciousness in quantum theory (2026).
The resolutions to the paradox of Schrödinger’s cat engendered by three major perspectives on quantum mechanics—quantum logic, the many worlds interpretation, and the Copenhagen interpretation—are discussed. The core of each perspective is revealed in the process. Each resolution to Schrödinger’s cat has a counterpart which solves the logical paradox known as the unexpected hanging. The rather striking parallels serve to emphasize several points. First, the quantum paradox is an epistemological and not a physical one. Second, the three interpretations mentioned, unlike some others, are faithful to this understanding. And third, the pitfalls in these two paradoxes have a somewhat universal character.