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Deflection of mesoscopic atomic superpositions via superradiance and superabsorption

Leandro Manoel Rocha da Rocha

Published Jan 25, 2024• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

In this work we will deal with the effects of a coherent electromagnetic field acting on an atomic dipole gas confined to a cavity.It is known from ( 5) that in such conditions, if we a have moderately dense sample of N 2-level atoms, we can observe the presence of superradiance, i.e., the enhanced emission of a coherent pulse of intensity proportional to N 2 and, in a smaller scale, the enhanced absorption as well ( 14).When coupling this sample to a quantum electromagnetic field via Tavis-Cummings interaction we are able to enhance even more the superabsorption as well as the superemission to a lesser degree in such a way as to almost equate the intensities of both processes and give rise to interleaved oscillations between them in both field and sample resulting in the phenomenon of many-body Rabi oscillations described in (1).However, it is to expect that, due to momentum conservation, such a phenomenon would cause a deflection on the atoms of the sample in a small time interval, after which we would have a mesoscopic superposition containing all the information related to the prior state.Our main goal is the study of the deflection suffered by the atoms of such a sample and how it relates to the state before the emission.We solve the time-dependent non-linear Hamiltonian related to the superradiant emission/superabsorption via the Lewis-Riesenfeld invariant method.At the end we will show how the macroscopic states were prepared to obtain our results.

DOI
10.11606/d.76.2024.tde-29042024-085425

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In this work we will deal with the effects of a coherent electromagnetic field acting on an atomic dipole gas confined to a cavity.It is known from ( 5) that in such conditions, if we a have moderately dense sample of N 2-level atoms, we can observe the presence of superradiance, i.e., the enhanced emission of a coherent pulse of intensity proportional to N 2 and, in a smaller scale, the enhanced absorption as well ( 14).When coupling this sample to a quantum electromagnetic field via Tavis-Cummings interaction we are able to enhance even more the superabsorption as well as the superemission to a lesser degree in such a way as to almost equate the intensities of both processes and give rise to interleaved oscillations between them in both field and sample resulting in the phenomenon of many-body Rabi oscillations described in (1).However, it is to expect that, due to momentum conservation, such a phenomenon would cause a deflection on the atoms of the sample in a small time interval, after which we would have a mesoscopic superposition containing all the information related to the prior state.Our main goal is the study of the deflection suffered by the atoms of such a sample and how it relates to the state before the emission.We solve the time-dependent non-linear Hamiltonian related to the superradiant emission/superabsorption via the Lewis-Riesenfeld invariant method.At the end we will show how the macroscopic states were prepared to obtain our results.
We present a protocol based on the interplay between superradiance and superabsorption to achieve the coherent deflection of an atomic sample due to the momentum transfer from the atoms to a cavity field. The coherent character of this momentum transfer, causing the atomic sample to deflect as a whole, follows from the collective nature of the atomic superradiant pulse and its superabsorption by the cavity field. The protocol is then used for the construction of positional mesoscopic atomic superpositions in cavity quantum electrodynamics.
The experimental success achieved in recent decades in the coherent manipulation of several Rabi cycles has led to a new stage in the physics of radiation-matter interaction. Motivated by this perspective, we propose here the engineering of coherent many-body Rabi oscillations (CMBROs) induced from the interactions of a moderately dense atomic sample with the environment and a high-finesse cavity mode. The CMBRO follows from the interplay between superradiance and superabsorption: the collective decay and absorption of the atomic sample inside the cavity. The equations we have derived for this interplay, based on the mean-field approximation, describe a two-level superradiant laser in an appropriate parameter regime, and its properties are also discussed. The control of quantum coherence according to the method presented here can be adapted to the implementation of quantum information processes as well as for the investigation of the fundamentals of quantum mechanics.
Recent advances in optical studies of condensed matter systems have led to the emergence of a variety of phenomena that have conventionally been studied in the realm of quantum optics. These studies have not only deepened our understanding of light–matter interactions but have also introduced aspects of many-body correlations inherent in optical processes in condensed matter systems. This paper is concerned with the phenomenon of superradiance (SR), a profound quantum optical process originally predicted by Dicke in 1954. The basic concept of SR applies to a general N body system, where constituent oscillating dipoles couple together through interaction with a common light field and accelerate the radiative decay of the whole system. Hence, the term SR ubiquitously appears in order to describe radiative coupling of an arbitrary number of oscillators in many situations in modern science of both classical and quantum description. In the most fascinating manifestation of SR, known as superfluorescence (SF), an incoherently prepared system of N inverted atoms spontaneously develops macroscopic coherence from vacuum fluctuations and produces a delayed pulse of coherent light whose peak intensity ∝N2. Such SF pulses have been observed in atomic and molecular gases, and their intriguing quantum nature has been unambiguously demonstrated. In this review, we focus on the rapidly developing field of research on SR phenomena in solids, where not only photon-mediated coupling (as in atoms) but also strong Coulomb interactions and ultrafast scattering processes exist. We describe SR and SF in molecular centers in solids, molecular aggregates and crystals, quantum dots, and quantum wells. In particular, we will summarize a series of studies we have recently performed on semiconductor quantum wells in the presence of a strong magnetic field. In one type of experiment, electron-hole pairs were incoherently prepared, but a macroscopic polarization spontaneously emerged and cooperatively decayed, emitting an intense SF burst. In another type of experiment, we observed the SR decay of coherent cyclotron resonance of ultrahigh-mobility 2D electron gases, leading to a decay rate that is proportional to the electron density. These results show that cooperative effects in solid-state systems are not merely small corrections that require exotic conditions to be observed; rather, they can dominate the nonequilibrium dynamics and light emission processes of the entire system of interacting electrons.
We report experimental realization of superabsorption as a time reversed process of superradiance. We utilize the single-atom superradiance experimental setup based on the cavity-QED microlaser, where two-level atoms prepared in the same superposition state traverse a high-Q cavity one by one. Without an input field to the cavity, the system generates a superradiant output field with a phase determined by that of the atomic superposition state. By injecting an input field to the cavity whose phase is opposite to that of the superradiant field that atoms would emit without the input field, we can then reverse the superradiance process to realize superabsorption. In our experiment, the number of photons completely absorbed during a fixed time interval was proportional to the square of the number of atoms in the cavity. The latest experimental data and analysis will be presented.
A superradiant pulse emitted by a sample of two-level atoms can be combined with superabsorption in order to increase the speed of the excitation interplay.We showcase this with two different experiments, first by subjecting the atomic sample to a competition between dissipation and amplification, the latter being a time-dependent multi-modal linear pumping; second, by coupling the atomic sample with a single mode of a high finesse cavity.The mean-field approximation was used in both cases.In the first, to solve the Schrödinger equation for the resulting time-dependent nonlinear Hamiltonian exactly we use the Lewis and Riesenfeld method.In the second case, we obtain a quantum master equation in the Lindblad form and solve it numerically.We observe that, in particular, the higher the number of atoms on the sample the higher will be the frequency of the interplay in comparison with that coming from the Jaynes-Cummings model.For a certain regime of parameters this system also leads to a superradiant laser, whose characteristics we discuss.These results show that many-particle effects can be further explored for the implementation of quantum information processes as well as for constructing of a superradiant laser.At last, we study non-Hermitian PT -symmetric bosonic nonautonomous Hamiltonians under linear and parametric amplifications.We present a generic approach to solve these Hamiltonians through the use of non-unitary similarity transformations.The choice for the metric associated with these transformations has a dramatic impact on the pseudo-Hermitian operators of the system.
We investigate the emergence of cooperative radiation phenomena in ensembles of two-level atoms coupled to a lossy resonant cavity beyond the Markovian and mean-field approximations. By deriving a complete analytical solution for the two-emitter case and employing a numerically exact method for larger ensembles, we characterize the full transition from Markovian to non-Markovian collective dynamics for systems of up to 10310^3103 emitters. Our results reveal three distinct regimes: a Markovian phase exhibiting the standard superradiant burst, a non-Markovian phase featuring spontaneous superabsorption of the emitted field, and a critical regime marked by pulsed collective emission. We show that the critical spectral width separating these behaviors increases monotonically with the number of emitters, demonstrating that environmental memory effects can be enhanced by cooperativity. Finally, we find that the superradiant scaling of the peak intensity progressively degrades with increasing system size, approaching a subquadratic law in the limit of a perfect cavity. In this regime, spontaneous superabsorption emerges as a distinct manifestation of non-Markovian cooperativity.