The construction of the theory of physical phenomena is subordinated to a number of principles. A principle of coherence effects of private theories should be considered as one of the most important. On the example of the inter-complemented by the wave and particle theories of light, it is shown that due to the lack of consequences consistency of these private theories, they are contradictory. Non-contradictory explanation of the dual nature of light, based on combined wave-corpuscular theory, where the light is considered as a stream of specific particles (photons), which are in internal vibrational state of the type of energy-mass-energy-weight, is proposed. What is meant here is the existence of a fundamental wave movement state of this kind. The efficiency of the application of combined wave-corpuscular theory to explain the phenomenon of diffraction as light interference when the radiating elements are not exposed areas of wave surface, but sharp edges of obstacles, is shown.
The construction of the theory of physical phenomena is subordinated to a number of principles. A principle of coherence effects of private theories should be considered as one of the most important. On the example of the inter-complemented by the wave and particle theories of light, it is shown that due to the lack of consequences consistency of these private theories, they are contradictory. Non-contradictory explanation of the dual nature of light, based on combined wave-corpuscular theory, where the light is considered as a stream of specific particles (photons), which are in internal vibrational state of the type of energy-mass-energy-weight, is proposed. What is meant here is the existence of a fundamental wave movement state of this kind. The efficiency of the application of combined wave-corpuscular theory to explain the phenomenon of diffraction as light interference when the radiating elements are not exposed areas of wave surface, but sharp edges of obstacles, is shown.
Electromagnetic waves are a radio, light, X-rays and gamma rays. However, traditionally electromagnetic waves considered in scientific and in academic literature in different positions. Radio waves are always considered as a waves, while light is represented as electromagnetic waves and as a stream of particles. Light as electromagnetic waves, which undoubtedly confirmed experimentally in such a phenomenon as wave interference, at the same time treated as a stream of particles, which are called photons. Since radio waves, like light, are electromagnetic waves, also the question arises to interpret them in terms of corpuscular approach. It is shown that the range of radio waves as electromagnetic waves also have dual wave-particle nature – this is the wave and a particle at the same time. Some particles of radio waves stay in the vibrational state with the transition of electromagnetic energy to particle mass and vice versa.
The contents of the article is mirrored in its title. In science the fact is well-known, that often opposite notions about that or diverse phenomenon result in identical end results, that produces bitter controversies of the opponents. The example can be served by century dispute between the supporters of the wave and corpuscular nature of light, dispute between a system of Ptolemy and Copernicus and many other conflictings in the most miscellaneous areas of science. The wave description of physical phenomena cannot be executed without of elastic medium (ether) in which one there is a wave process and is diffused by means of this elastic medium. Therefore description of wave phenomena in a solid, liquid and gas adequately mirrors the test datas and problems here does not arise. There, where the elastic medium misses, it is necessary to invent miscellaneous ruses to distribute the wave description and to these objects: empty world space (world ether in the miscellaneous fancy forms), internal space of atoms (wave functions of probability), fields (short-range interaction of fields by means of transfer of a disturbance from one point to other), electromagnetic radiation of the Maxwell (simultaneous oscillation magnetic and electrical field in an elastic medium). The wave description of world is fine is designed, since above it many generations of the known scientists worked, but main brake here it is necessary to have in stock an elastic medium. There, where it no or there are doubts in its existence, a field for critics there is opened. In the formal-mathematical description of the world the elastic medium is not necessary any more. Record a wave equation and decide it for the diversified cases. Though in mathematical relation such description of the world perfectly, but the physical sense of mathematical manipulations is lost. Specially it notably in a quantum mechanics. As a consequence, the similar description it is easy to subject a severe critic. To be salvaged from of intrusive critics, it is necessary to invent completely fancy notions about a microcosmos, which one do not have conformity in a macroworld. Thus, the unity of the world is upset, that directly contradicts fundamental laws of universe. The absence of physical sense is the main unremovable brake of the formal-mathematical description of the world. The corpuscular description of the world, basically, is a merit of Newton. Because of small number of the supporters of such description «have defeated» wave notions. The main brake for of corpuscular world was established by Newton, by formulating the law even and rectilinear motion of free bodies. This law has become force majeure for explanation of an interference, polarization and some other properties of light. Attempts to mate the wave description with corpuscular (wave-corpuscle dualism of microparticles [1]) are originally doomed on a fall because of a principled difference between a wave and particle. The ether is not necessary for the corpuscular description of the world in any to the form, therefore photon, for example, billions of years not «being spread» can move in space, that is impossible from the point of view of the wave description of its motion. The main lack of the corpuscular description of the world consists in incompletness of official toolkit for such description. Only new corpuscular quantum physics has entered notion about originating of a gravidynamic field at motion of gravitational charges and bound with this fact by screw motion of free bodies. It has allowed to revise many fundamental rules of classic physics and quantum mechanicses and to realise a capability of the corpuscular description of the world to the full. Unfortunately, it has taken place after in heads of the scientists strongly was fixed paradigm, designed Einstein and fathers of a quantum mechanics. This paradigm had time knock home in heads of millions students and even of the homemakers. In outcome new scientific paradigm on the basis of new physics meets aggressive hostility. It, certainly, temporary phenomenon and the victory new paradigm in science is foregone, as was already repeatedly. It is a pity, that this the temporary interval, usually, exceeds temporary existence of the person in the land of the living, and orthodoxes permanently self-reproduction by conservative science.
This chapter discusses some of the experiments that provided evidence that light, which we have recognized as a wave phenomenon, has properties that we normally associate with particles. It explains these phenomena and to understand the physical processes involved, some kind of a corpuscular theory of light is required. The chapter discusses briefly how the idea of the existence of discrete structures has been innovated in physics. The first idea of the existence of discrete structures referred to physics of materials and their electric properties. In a different area of physics, radiation spectroscopy experiments show that light emitted by hot solid or liquid exhibits a continuous spectrum. The chapter focuses on that the results of the experiments on photoelectric effect are in contradiction to classical wave theory. The wave theory of light leads one to anticipate that a long-wavelength light incident on a surface could cause enough energy to be absorbed for an electron to be released.
Classical mechanics, which gives a fairly accurate description of large systems (e.g., solar system) as also of mechanical systems in our every day life, however, breaks down when applied to small (microscopic) systems such as molecules, atoms and nuclei. For example, (1) classical mechanics cannot even explain why the atoms are stable at all. A classical atom with electrons moving in circular or elliptic orbits around the nucleus would continuously radiate energy in the form of electromagnetic radiation because an accelerated charge does radiate energy. As a result the radius of the orbit would become smaller and smaller, resulting in instability of the atom. On the other hand, the atoms are found to be remarkably stable in practice. (2) Another fact of observation that classical mechanics fails to explain is wave particle duality in radiation as well as in material particles. It is well known that light exhibits the phenomena of interference, diffraction and polarization which can be easily understood on the basis of wave aspect of radiation. But light also exhibits the phenomena of photo-electric effect, Compton effect and Raman effect which can only be understood in terms of corpuscular or quantum aspect of radiation. The dual behavior of light, or radiation cannot be consistently understood on the basis of classical concepts alone or explained away by saying that light behaves as wave or particle depending on the kind of experiment we do with it (complementarity). Moreover, a beam of material particles, like electrons and neutrons, demonstrates wave-like properties (e.g., diffraction). A brief outline of phenomena that require quantum mechanics for their understanding follows.
The fundamental fact for quantum physics which has emerged from experimental investigations in the field is a double duality of wave and particle concepts. The wave theory of light, firmly grounded by the wave explanations of interference and diffraction and by Maxwell’s electromagnetic theory of light waves, is now recognized as giving but one aspect of the nature of radiation. The corpusclar aspect of radiation is revealed in the photoelectric effect and in the Compton effect. In these effects Planck’s constant appears as a universal constant which connects the wave and particle modes of description of the same radiation.