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Optical and Quantum Sensing and Precision Metrology II

A two-node quantum network with silicon vacancies in diamond nanocavities

Yan-Cheng Wei, Aziza Suleymanzade

Published Mar 13, 2024• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

A key challenge in realizing practical quantum networks for long-distance quantum communication involves robust entanglement between quantum memory nodes connected via fiber optical infrastructure. I will talk about our recent work on utilizing silicon vacancy (SiV) centers in nanophotonic diamond cavities integrated with a telecommunication (telecom) metropolitan quantum network. Specifically, remote entanglement generation is generated by the cavity-enhanced interactions, and long-lived auxiliary memory qubits are used to provide second-long entanglement storage with integrated error detection. By interfacing with efficient bi-directional frequency conversion to telecommunication frequencies, we demonstrate entanglement of two nuclear spin memories through a 35 km long fiber deployed in the Boston urban area, an enabling step towards practical quantum repeaters and large-scale quantum network. I will also talk about an in-progress work on exploring blind and distributed quantum computation through this two-node quantum network.

DOI
10.1117/12.3011745

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A key challenge in realizing practical quantum networks for long-distance quantum communication involves robust entanglement between quantum memory nodes connected via fiber optical infrastructure. I will talk about our recent work on utilizing silicon vacancy (SiV) centers in nanophotonic diamond cavities integrated with a telecommunication (telecom) metropolitan quantum network. Specifically, remote entanglement generation is generated by the cavity-enhanced interactions, and long-lived auxiliary memory qubits are used to provide second-long entanglement storage with integrated error detection. By interfacing with efficient bi-directional frequency conversion to telecommunication frequencies, we demonstrate entanglement of two nuclear spin memories through a 35 km long fiber deployed in the Boston urban area, an enabling step towards practical quantum repeaters and large-scale quantum network. I will also talk about an in-progress work on exploring blind and distributed quantum computation through this two-node quantum network.
Abstract A key challenge in realizing practical quantum networks for long-distance quantum communication involves robust entanglement between quantum memory nodes connected by fibre optical infrastructure1–3. Here we demonstrate a two-node quantum network composed of multi-qubit registers based on silicon-vacancy (SiV) centres in nanophotonic diamond cavities integrated with a telecommunication fibre network. Remote entanglement is generated by the cavity-enhanced interactions between the electron spin qubits of the SiVs and optical photons. Serial, heralded spin-photon entangling gate operations with time-bin qubits are used for robust entanglement of separated nodes. Long-lived nuclear spin qubits are used to provide second-long entanglement storage and integrated error detection. By integrating efficient bidirectional quantum frequency conversion of photonic communication qubits to telecommunication frequencies (1,350 nm), we demonstrate the entanglement of two nuclear spin memories through 40 km spools of low-loss fibre and a 35-km long fibre loop deployed in the Boston area urban environment, representing an enabling step towards practical quantum repeaters and large-scale quantum networks.
Quantum networks hold the potential to enable quantum-secured communication, distributed quantum computing, and non-local quantum sensing. To realize these applications, a versatile quantum network infrastructure must support entanglement between network nodes capable of storing, processing, and distributing quantum information, alongside high-fidelity photonic qubits that efficiently interface with these nodes. The silicon-vacancy (SiV) center in diamond, coupled to nanophotonic cavities, has recently emerged as a promising platform to meet these requirements. This system provides access to an electron spin as an optically active communication qubit and a 29Si nuclear spin as a memory qubit, capable of storing quantum information for extended periods. We first demonstrate that the SiV center's electron spin can efficiently generate single photons with complex spatiotemporal waveforms, facilitated by a novel asymmetric nanophotonic cavity design. We then establish a two-node quantum network between two SiV centers housed in separate laboratories and connected via optical fiber. To do so, we use photonic qubits to mediate entanglement between two spatially separated electron spins, as well as between two spatially separated nuclear spins. Finally, using bidirectional quantum frequency conversion, we convert the photonic qubits to telecommunication frequencies, enabling entanglement generation between the two nuclear spins via a 35 km fiber deployed in the Boston metropolitan area. These advancements mark progress toward large-scale, deployable quantum networks using SiV centers coupled to nanophotonic cavities.
Quantum networks will enable the transmission of quantum information over long distances, allowing us to link quantum computers for applications such as quantum cryptography, astronomical interferometry, and blind quantum computing. The silicon-vacancy center in diamond has emerged as a promising scalable solid-state platform capable of efficiently interfacing its electron spin with photons for long-range communication. This thesis investigates two long-lived nuclear spin qubits as quantum memories to significantly expand the quantum state storage and processing capabilities of this networking node. First, we demonstrate that selective isotope implantation gives a deterministic 29Si high-fidelity nuclear memory with coherence times over two seconds, enabling its integration into a two-node quantum network through 35 km of optical fiber deployed through the Boston metropolitan area. Next, we explore the control of a nearby 13C nuclear spin robust against repeated readouts and resets of the electron networking qubit, and utilize it to show a quadratic rate enhancement for entanglement swapping between two incoming photonic qubits. Together, these results advance our three-qubit node toward realistic operation as a quantum repeater to boost entanglement rates in a long-range network.
Long-distance quantum communication and networking require quantum memory nodes with efficient optical interfaces and long memory times. We report the realization of an integrated two-qubit network node based on silicon-vacancy centers (SiVs) in diamond nanophotonic cavities. Our qubit register consists of the SiV electron spin acting as a communication qubit and the strongly coupled silicon-29 nuclear spin acting as a memory qubit with a quantum memory time exceeding 2 seconds. By using a highly strained SiV, we realize electron-photon entangling gates at temperatures up to 1.5 kelvin and nucleus-photon entangling gates up to 4.3 kelvin. We also demonstrate efficient error detection in nuclear spin-photon gates by using the electron spin as a flag qubit, making this platform a promising candidate for scalable quantum repeaters.
Quantum networks enable applications ranging from quantum secure communication to distributed quantum computing and quantum-enhanced non-local sensing. Silicon-vacancy (SiV) centers in diamond nano-photonic cavities are a strong candidate platform for quantum networking due to their access to multiple qubits, high operation fidelities, and an efficient matter qubit-photon interface. In this thesis, I provide a background overview of both the field of quantum networking in general and the experimental platform of SiVs in diamond nano-photonic cavities. The thesis shows experimental demonstrations of SiVs from the last six years, including the development of the 29SiV as a quantum node with a two-qubit register and the subsequent remote entanglement of two such nodes over a metropolitan fiber. With this two-node network of SiVs, we implement two quantum networking applications. The first application, blind quantum computing, allows a user to remotely run an arbitrary algorithm on a quantum computer by controlling the measurement basis of photons they receive from the quantum computer, while the quantum computer receives no information about the implemented algorithm. We demonstrate a full blind quantum gate set required to implement an arbitrary quantum algorithm with information-theoretic security. The second application is entanglement-assisted remote optical interferometry. This experiment shows how remotely entangled SiVs can assist the phase sensitivity of long-baseline telescope arrays to better observe weak thermal photonic signals. I finally provide some remarks and propose future directions for the SiV as a quantum networking platform