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Communications in computer and information science

Deploying Post-quantum Algorithms in Existing Applications and Embedded Devices

Petr Muzikant, Jan Willemson

Published Jan 1, 2024• 3 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1007/978-981-97-1274-8_10

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With the advancement of quantum computing, traditional public-key cryptographic algorithms are increasingly at risk of being broken. This paper investigates the applicability of post-quantum cryptography (PQC) within modernized power grid infrastructures, commonly known as smart grids, that rely heavily on interconnected and sometimes internet-facing devices and distributed control systems. To help safeguard these critical infrastructures against quantum-enabled threats, we benchmark and evaluate the performance of NIST-standardized and finalist PQC Key Encapsulation Mechanisms (KEMs) in a realistic smart grid testbed. Our evaluation includes both benchmarking of core cryptographic operations, key generation, encapsulation, and decapsulation, as well as full TLS 1.3 handshake benchmarking across a real network of embedded devices and smart grid nodes. A key contribution of this work is the development of a smart grid testbed spanning multiple buildings with distributed energy resources (DERs) such as batteries and photovoltaic arrays, enabling an in-depth, system-level evaluation of post-quantum key exchange protocols in this context. We conclude by discussing the trade-offs between algorithmic efficiency and system constraints such as bandwidth, key rotation frequency, and device capability. Our findings offer actionable recommendations for the deployment of PQC algorithms tailored to the smart grid.
Basic security requirements such as confidentiality, user authentication and data integrity, are assured by using public-key cryptography (PKC). In particular, public-key signature schemes provide non-repudiation, integrity of transmitted messages and authentication. The presence of a large scale quantum computer would be a real threat to break the most widely used public-key cryptographic algorithms in practice, RSA, DSA, ECDSA signature schemes and Diffie-Hellman key exchange. Thus, all security protocols and applications where these public-key cryptographic algorithms are used are vulnerable to quantum-computer attacks. There are five directions of cryptographic primitives secure against a quantum computer: multivariate quadratic equation-based, hash-based, lattice-based, code-based and supersingular isogeny-based cryptography. These primitives could serve as replacements for current public-key cryptographic algorithms to prepare for post-quantum era. It is important to prioritize the fields to be replaced by post-quantum cryptography (PQC) since it is hard to replace the currently deployed PKC with PQC at the same time. The fields directly connected to human life such as vehicular communications should be the primary targets of PQC applications. This survey is dedicated to providing guidelines for adapting the most suitable post-quantum candidates to the requirements of various devices and suggesting efficient and physically secure implementations that can be built into existing embedded applications as easily as traditional PKC. It focuses on the five types of post-quantum signature schemes and investigates their theoretical backgrounds, structures, state-of-the-art constructions and implementation aspects on various platforms raging from resource constrained IoT devices to powerful servers connected to the devices for secure communications in post-quantum era. It offers appropriate solutions to find tradeoffs between key sizes, signature lengths, performance, and security for practical applications.
The deployment of post-quantum cryptographic algorithms currently under standardization by NIST have the potential to mitigate quantum computer based attacks, which present a whole new range of cybersecurity challenges. We recognize post-quantum cryptography (PQC) key distribution, across autonomous systems operating in contested areas, as a particularly difficult problem to solve. Verifying the origin and integrity of mission instructions is of extreme importance, especially in the context of autonomous vehicles, missiles, and drones; the lack of which can enable opponents to leverage attacks effecting catastrophic damage to life, property, and strategy. This work proposes a protocol for controlled key distribution through the use of PQC algorithms, strengthened by fingerprints of embedded devices. With this framework, we can assure the origin and correctness of digital information sent to autonomous systems, and enforce that only authorized members can send instructions to these devices. This protocol replaces the deterministic, pseudo-random seed in these PQC protocols with a fingerprint derived from the physical disorder of the embedded device to enhance security and maintain the integrity of the system. We demonstrate how this system can be used to send instructions, verify the origin of the instructions upon receipt, and certify the integrity of the instruction packet received. We also discuss situations in which an attacker attempts to falsify information and how to detect that malicious action. We measure the quality and performance of this prototype system by measuring the latency and bit error rates. We demonstrate this prototype system using the CRYSTALS-DILITHIUM digital signature algorithm (DSA).