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Comportement Non Markovien et mesure de densité spectrale dans des réseaux optiques

Paul Renault

Published Apr 25, 2022• 0 citations
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Abstract

Entanglement among multiple modes is a necessary resource in the field of quantum information technology. In this context, frequency comb sources of femtosecond pulsed light represent a useful resource, with approximately 10^5 individual frequency modes across the pulse bandwidth and it has been recently shown that a synchronously pumped optical parametric oscillator (SPOPO) can generate highly multimode nonclassical states of light. A high degree of control over the mode structure of the output can thus be achieved by shaping the spectral mode of the pump beam using a pulse shaper. The SPOPO setup is also a promising platform for the simulation of quantum optical networks. Energy exchanges have been characterized for several models of networks via the measurement of the spectral density function and the observation of quantum non-Markovian behavior.

DOI
10.70675/4e9f1496z331cz450dz913bz4278ea15380a

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Entanglement among multiple modes is a necessary resource in the field of quantum information technology. In this context, frequency comb sources of femtosecond pulsed light represent a useful resource, with approximately 10^5 individual frequency modes across the pulse bandwidth and it has been recently shown that a synchronously pumped optical parametric oscillator (SPOPO) can generate highly multimode nonclassical states of light. A high degree of control over the mode structure of the output can thus be achieved by shaping the spectral mode of the pump beam using a pulse shaper. The SPOPO setup is also a promising platform for the simulation of quantum optical networks. Energy exchanges have been characterized for several models of networks via the measurement of the spectral density function and the observation of quantum non-Markovian behavior.
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Multimode nonclassical states of light are an essential resource in quantum computation with continuous variables [1]. They can be generated either by mixing different squeezed light sources using linear optical operations [2], or directly in a multimode optical device [3, 4]. Synchronously Pumped Optical Parametric Oscillators (SPOPO) — which correspond to an OPO pumped by a train of ultrashort pulses that are synchronized with the cavity round-trip time — have been theoretically shown to be promising devices for the generation of multimode nonclassical frequency combs, since a SPOPO is a sole optical cavity acting as an assembly of independent squeezers in a particular basis called the supermodes basis [5]. The supermodes are optical frequency combs with specific spectrum and phase profiles that are determined by the length of the intracavity nonlinear crystal and the pulse shape of the pump.
Quantum optics has been, from its beginning, a driving force both for the exploration of fundamental limits of the quantum world and for conceiving seminal ideas and applications of the so-called quantum technologies. The last 20 years have seen a rapid development of ideas and proof-of-principle experiments involving the fields of quantum communication, quantum computation, quantum metrology and quantum simulation. The so called continuous variable (CV) approach to quantum optics, which uses many photon in collective states, and continuous observables like the quadratures of the electric field to encode information, has many interesting properties, especially from a communications perspective. It is inherently broadband and compatible with standard telecom infrastructures. Moreover, in CV, entanglement, one of the fundamental resource of quantum optics, can be generated deterministically. One of the main challenges for all quantum information technologies is scalability, being able to generate and manipulate a large number of quantum resources to achieve practical tasks efficiently. One approach to solve the issue of scalability is to use highly multimode quantum states. The quantum description of the electromagnetic field associate each photon (particle of light) with a mode (way for light to propagate). In a mutlimodal approach, we look at the quantum state bases and optical modes bases conjointly and tailor quantum fields not only in given modes, but also optimize the spatio-temporal shapes of the modes in which the state is defined. This opens wide perspectives for treating complex quantum states. In particular, using ultra-fast pulses of light which contain many temporal/spectral modes, we are able to generate large and complex entangled states of light using simple resources. In this thesis, we used an optical parametric oscillator pumped synchronously (SPOPO) with a frequency comb to generate multimode squeezed vacuum states which can be used to form cluster states: a large collection of modes (the nodes) entangled to each other in a certain way. These state are the basic resource for Measurement Based Quantum Computation (MBQC). This set-up has the advantage to generate entanglement in many mode with a single device. It is also highly tunable. Indeed, by tuning the spectrum of the OPO pump with a pulse shaper, one can tailor the properties of the generated quantum state. In this work, we focus on the optimization of the pump spectral shape to generate specific states. Using simulations based on Machine Learning Algorithms (MLA), we find optimal pump profile for typical target states. We then implement those shapes on the experimental set-up and measure the resulting states using multipixel homodyne detection. We also study intra-cavity dispersion effects. Dispersion inside the SPOPO cavity is indeed one of the main factor that limits the number of entangled modes in the generated quantum states. A systematic study of dispersion effects is therefore necessary to model the SPOPO output accurately. This works paves the way toward a fully tunable device that can be optimized in real time to generate specific quantum resources tailored for specific tasks.
Multimode nonclassical states of light are an essential resource in quantum computation with continuous variables, for example, in cluster state computation. We report in this Letter the first experimental evidence of a multimode nonclassical frequency comb in a femtosecond synchronously pumped optical parametric oscillator. In addition to a global reduction of its quantum intensity fluctuations, the system features quantum correlations between different parts of its frequency spectrum. This allows us to show that the frequency comb is composed of several uncorrelated eigenmodes having specific spectral shapes, two of them at least being squeezed, and to characterize their spectral shapes.
We present a detailed analysis of the multimode quantum state embedded in an optical frequency comb generated by a synchronously pumped optical parametric oscillator (SPOPO) [J.Roslund, R. Medeiros de Araújo, S. Jiang, C. Fabre, and N. Treps, Nat. Photon. 8, 109 (2014)].The full covariance matrix of the state is obtained with homodyne detection where the local oscillator is spectrally controlled with pulse-shaping techniques.The resulting matrix reveals genuine multipartite entanglement.Additionally, the beam is comprised of several independent eigenmodes that correspond to specific pulse shapes.The experimental data is confirmed with numerical simulations.Finally, the potential to create continuous-variable cluster states from the quantum comb is analyzed.Multiple cluster states are shown to be simultaneously embedded in the SPOPO state, and these states can be revealed by a suitable basis change applied to the measured covariance matrix.