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Probing high-pressure superconductivity with diamond quantum sensing

Jean-François Roch, Antoine Hilberer, Loïc Toraille, Cassandra Dailledouze, Marie‐Pierre Adam, Martin P. Schmidt, Paul Loubeyre

Published May 15, 2022• 0 citations
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When high static pressure is applied to a material, the arrangement of its atoms and electrons can dramatically change to allow higher density, thus leading to the creation of new phases or modifying electronic and magnetic properties of solids. Pressures of tens of kilobars (gigapascals) or even megabars can be achieved in laboratories using Diamond Anvil Cells (DACs), at the expense of working with samples of minute size. Recent studies have claimed to have uncovered materials, super-hydrides, retaining superconductivity close to room temperature under extreme pressure conditions. However, performing reliable measurements of the hallmarks of superconductivity on these samples synthesized at high-pressure is remarkably challenging, sometimes leading to controversial results. In this thesis, we chose to pursue the development of a new high-pressure optical magnetic measurement method based on the adaptation of a mature quantum technology to the DAC: Nitrogen-Vacancy (NV) centers of diamond. We fabricate ensembles of these color centers inside the tip of a diamond anvil, using them as local quantum magnetic probes based on their spin-dependent photoluminescence properties. We show that NV centers can be used to spatially map the Meissner effect in the presence of a cuprate superconductor at high pressure and record the sample's critical temperature evolution with pressure up to 31 GPa. We then systematically study the NV centers' magnetic sensing capabilities at high pressure, identifying non-hydrostatic anvil stress as a limitation above 40 to 50 GPa. Finally, we propose an anvil micro-structuring strategy lifting this constraint and enabling efficient NV magnetometry at least up to 130 GPa, paving the way toward a future settlement of the super-hydride dispute by this new diagnosis method.

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Nitrogen vacancy (NV) centers have been demonstrated as a useful tool in high pressure environments. However, the geometry and small working area of the diamond anvil cells (DACs) used to apply pressure present a challenge to effective delivery of microwave (mw) fields. We designed and characterized a novel slotted design for mw transmission to nitrogen-vacancy centers (NVs) in a diamond anvil cell via zero-field and in-field optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) measurements across pressures between 1 and 48 GPa. The mw fields experienced by NVs across the diamond culet was calculated from Rabi frequency and found to be higher and more uniform than those generated by an equivalent simple mw line, which will improve performance for wide-field, high-pressure measurements to probe spatial variations across samples under pressure.

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Extreme conditions, such as ultra-low temperatures, high pressures, and strong magnetic fields, are critical to producing and studying exotic states of matter. To measure physical properties under extreme conditions, the advanced sensing schemes are required. As a promising quantum sensor, the diamond nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center can detect magnetic field, electronic field, pressure, and temperature with high sensitivity. Considering its nanoscale spatial resolution and ultra-wide working range, the diamond quantum sensing can play an important role in frontier studies involving extreme conditions. This paper reviews the spin and optical properties of diamond NV center under extreme conditions, including low temperature, high temperature, zero field, strong magnetic fields, and high pressures. The opportunities and challenges of diamond quantum sensing under extreme conditions are discussed. The basic knowledge of spin-based quantum sensing and its applications under extreme conditions are also covered.

Acta Physica Sinica•Jan 1, 2022•3 citations
When high static pressure is applied to a material, the arrangement of its atoms and electrons can dramatically change to allow higher density, thus leading to the creation of new phases or modifying electronic and magnetic properties of solids. Pressures of tens of kilobars (gigapascals) or even megabars can be achieved in laboratories using Diamond Anvil Cells (DACs), at the expense of working with samples of minute size. Recent studies have claimed to have uncovered materials, super-hydrides, retaining superconductivity close to room temperature under extreme pressure conditions. However, performing reliable measurements of the hallmarks of superconductivity on these samples synthesized at high-pressure is remarkably challenging, sometimes leading to controversial results. In this thesis, we chose to pursue the development of a new high-pressure optical magnetic measurement method based on the adaptation of a mature quantum technology to the DAC: Nitrogen-Vacancy (NV) centers of diamond. We fabricate ensembles of these color centers inside the tip of a diamond anvil, using them as local quantum magnetic probes based on their spin-dependent photoluminescence properties. We show that NV centers can be used to spatially map the Meissner effect in the presence of a cuprate superconductor at high pressure and record the sample's critical temperature evolution with pressure up to 31 GPa. We then systematically study the NV centers' magnetic sensing capabilities at high pressure, identifying non-hydrostatic anvil stress as a limitation above 40 to 50 GPa. Finally, we propose an anvil micro-structuring strategy lifting this constraint and enabling efficient NV magnetometry at least up to 130 GPa, paving the way toward a future settlement of the super-hydride dispute by this new diagnosis method.
Nitrogen vacancy (NV) centers have been demonstrated as a useful tool in high pressure environments. However, the geometry and small working area of the diamond anvil cells (DACs) used to apply pressure present a challenge to effective delivery of microwave (mw) fields. We designed and characterized a novel slotted design for mw transmission to nitrogen-vacancy centers (NVs) in a diamond anvil cell via zero-field and in-field optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) measurements across pressures between 1 and 48 GPa. The mw fields experienced by NVs across the diamond culet was calculated from Rabi frequency and found to be higher and more uniform than those generated by an equivalent simple mw line, which will improve performance for wide-field, high-pressure measurements to probe spatial variations across samples under pressure.
Extreme conditions, such as ultra-low temperatures, high pressures, and strong magnetic fields, are critical to producing and studying exotic states of matter. To measure physical properties under extreme conditions, the advanced sensing schemes are required. As a promising quantum sensor, the diamond nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center can detect magnetic field, electronic field, pressure, and temperature with high sensitivity. Considering its nanoscale spatial resolution and ultra-wide working range, the diamond quantum sensing can play an important role in frontier studies involving extreme conditions. This paper reviews the spin and optical properties of diamond NV center under extreme conditions, including low temperature, high temperature, zero field, strong magnetic fields, and high pressures. The opportunities and challenges of diamond quantum sensing under extreme conditions are discussed. The basic knowledge of spin-based quantum sensing and its applications under extreme conditions are also covered.