In this paper, we introduce a novel model for collective-dephasing noise in [Formula: see text]-dimensional space. After that, we construct a multi-particle entangled state to resist the given collective-dephasing noise. Based on the measurement laws of multi-particle entangled state under two different bases, we propose a multipartite quantum key agreement protocol. In this protocol, multiple participants would obtain [Formula: see text]-dimensional secret key even if the quantum channel is influenced by collective-dephasing noise. The security analysis indicates that this protocol can resist both dishonest participant attack and the outsider attacks which include intercept-resend attack and entangle-measure attack. By comparing with the existing QKA protocols, it is clear that our protocol has greater universality from the perspective of dimensionality and number of participants.
In this paper, we introduce a novel model for collective-dephasing noise in [Formula: see text]-dimensional space. After that, we construct a multi-particle entangled state to resist the given collective-dephasing noise. Based on the measurement laws of multi-particle entangled state under two different bases, we propose a multipartite quantum key agreement protocol. In this protocol, multiple participants would obtain [Formula: see text]-dimensional secret key even if the quantum channel is influenced by collective-dephasing noise. The security analysis indicates that this protocol can resist both dishonest participant attack and the outsider attacks which include intercept-resend attack and entangle-measure attack. By comparing with the existing QKA protocols, it is clear that our protocol has greater universality from the perspective of dimensionality and number of participants.
Abstract Quantum key agreement (QKA) permits participants to constitute a shared key on a quantum channel, while no participants can independently determine the shared key. However, existing Measurement-device-independent (MDI) protocols cannot resist channel noise, and noise-resistant QKA protocols cannot resist side-channel attacks caused by equipment defects. In this paper, we design a MDI-QKA protocol against collective-dephasing noise based on GHZ states. First, in our protocol, Alice and Bob prepare a certain number of GHZ states respectively, and then send two particles of each GHZ state to Charlie for bell measurement. Results are that Alice and Bob can obtain Bell states through entanglement exchange with the help of dishonest Charlie. Meanwhile ensures the transmission process noise-resisted. Then, Alice and Bob encode their key components to the particle in their hands and construct logical quantum states against collective noise through additional particles and CNOT operation to implement MDI-QKA. Compared with existing MDI-QKA protocols, our protocol uses logical quantum states during particle transfers, which makes the protocol immune to collective‑dephasing noise, and therefore improving the final key rate. Security analysis shows that our protocol can resist common insider and outsider attacks.
Abstract Quantum key agreement (QKA) is an important branch of quantum cryptography. Particles are easily affected by noise in quantum channel transmission, which provides a cover for eavesdropper Eve to attack maliciously and eventually leads to the protocol failure. In this paper, based on the properties of four-particle cluster states and their entanglement swapping, two authenticated two-party QKA protocols that can resist collective noise (collective-dephasing noise and collective-rotation noise) by using CZ, CNOT, and Pauli operations are designed, respectively. Besides, both parties can authenticate each other’s identities, which makes our protocol more secure. In addition, security analysis shows that these two protocols can resist various attacks from inside and outside, such as participant attacks and entangle-measure attacks.
In this paper, two classes of multiparticle entangled states are constructed to resist against the collective-dephasing noise and collective-rotation noise, respectively. Based on it, two new multipartite quantum key agreement protocols over the collective noise are presented. In each protocol, only one user needs to prepare the multiparticle quantum entangled state. Then, the user keeps the first qubit, and distributes each two qubits of the state to other users. In this case, all users can perform the security test and derive the shared key from the measurement outcomes of the qubits in their hands. From the security analysis, it is evident that the presented protocols are secure against the inside attack and some common outside attacks.
Based on the logic Bell states, we present two novel multi-party quantum key agreement (QKA) protocols under collective noise. The proposed protocols make full use of four-qubit logic Bell states as quantum resources and perform the novel encoding operation to generate the shared key. The security analysis shows that these two protocols can resist against both participant and outsider attacks. Furthermore, compared with the other existing multi-party QKA protocols over collective noise, our protocols have higher qubit efficiency. Finally, we perform the simulation of the relationship between efficiency and security, which is completely consistent with the conclusion of the security analysis of the protocols.
Abstract:In order to solve the problem that the multi-particle joint measurements are difficult to implement with the existing technology in the quantum key agreement protocols based on multi-particle entangled states , a new two-party quantum key agreement protocol was proposed based on three-particle GHZ states. Two participants in the protocol could fairly establish a shared secret key by using the measurement correlation property of three-particle GHZ states and the delayed measurement technique. Since the new protocol only used Bell measurements and single particle measurements, it was easy to achieve on the basis of the existing technology. The security analysis showed that the protocol could not only resist against participant attacks and outsider attacks, but also resist against two kinds of Trojan horse attacks. The protocol was secure not only in the noise-free quantum channel but also in the quantum noise channel. Finally, the comparison with the existed secure two-party protocols showed that the protocol also achieved higher qubit efficiency.
Abstract The semi-quantum key agreement (SQKA) is a combination of the ‘semi-quantum’ concept in the quantum key agreement (QKA), which aims to reduce the requirements on the quantum ability of the participants while maintaining the security of the key agreement. In this paper, two novel two-party SQKA protocols based on seven-particle entangled states and delegated quantum centers in the collective noise channels are proposed. In the two SQKA protocols, only the quantum center possesses full quantum capabilities, while other participants have only partial quantum abilities. The classical party, on the other hand, only needs to perform Z-basis measurement on the classical basis. Due to the properties of entangled states, the two SQKA protocols can resist internal and external attacks. Furthermore, this paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the security of the proposed protocols, illustrating their resilience against various forms of attacks such as eavesdropping, intercept-resend attacks, and entangle-measure attacks. The results indicate that both protocols perform well in collective noise channels while maintaining high security even under noisy conditions. Moreover, eavesdropping simulation can detect whether there is eavesdropping behavior in the communication process. Finally, a comparison with existing protocols shows that the two proposed protocols exhibit higher qubit efficiency.