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International Journal of Theoretical Physics

Measurement-Device-Independent Quantum Key Agreement against Collective Noisy Channel

Yi‐Hua Zhou, Yang Xu, Yu‐Guang Yang, Wei‐Min Shi, Ze-Song Chen

Published Jul 22, 2022• 7 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Abstract Quantum key agreement (QKA) permits participants to constitute a shared key on a quantum channel, while no participants can independently determine the shared key. However, existing Measurement-device-independent (MDI) protocols cannot resist channel noise, and noise-resistant QKA protocols cannot resist side-channel attacks caused by equipment defects. In this paper, we design a MDI-QKA protocol against collective-dephasing noise based on GHZ states. First, in our protocol, Alice and Bob prepare a certain number of GHZ states respectively, and then send two particles of each GHZ state to Charlie for bell measurement. Results are that Alice and Bob can obtain Bell states through entanglement exchange with the help of dishonest Charlie. Meanwhile ensures the transmission process noise-resisted. Then, Alice and Bob encode their key components to the particle in their hands and construct logical quantum states against collective noise through additional particles and CNOT operation to implement MDI-QKA. Compared with existing MDI-QKA protocols, our protocol uses logical quantum states during particle transfers, which makes the protocol immune to collective‑dephasing noise, and therefore improving the final key rate. Security analysis shows that our protocol can resist common insider and outsider attacks.

DOI
10.1007/s10773-022-05187-7

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Based on logical GHZ states and logical Bell states, two robust quantum key agreement protocols are proposed, which can be immune to the collective-dephasing noise and the collective-rotation noise, respectively. The delayed measurement technique ensures that two participants can fairly negotiate a shared key and any one of them cannot successfully perform the participant attacks. The two protocols are congenitally free from the Trojan horse attacks and they can resist against other outsider attacks with the help of the decoy state technology. Moreover, they have no information leakage problem and achieve high qubit efficiency.
In this paper, we introduce a novel model for collective-dephasing noise in [Formula: see text]-dimensional space. After that, we construct a multi-particle entangled state to resist the given collective-dephasing noise. Based on the measurement laws of multi-particle entangled state under two different bases, we propose a multipartite quantum key agreement protocol. In this protocol, multiple participants would obtain [Formula: see text]-dimensional secret key even if the quantum channel is influenced by collective-dephasing noise. The security analysis indicates that this protocol can resist both dishonest participant attack and the outsider attacks which include intercept-resend attack and entangle-measure attack. By comparing with the existing QKA protocols, it is clear that our protocol has greater universality from the perspective of dimensionality and number of participants.
Measurement-device-independent entanglement witness (MDI-EW) plays an important role for detecting entanglement with untrusted measurement device. We present a double blinding-attack on a quantum secret sharing (QSS) protocol based on GHZ state. Using the MDI-EW method, we propose a QSS protocol against all detector side-channels. We allow source flaws in practical QSS system, so that Charlie can securely distribute a key between the two agents Alice and Bob over long distances. Our protocol provides condition on the extracted key rate for the secret against both external eavesdropper and arbitrary dishonest participants. A tight bound for collective attacks can provide good bounds on the practical QSS with source flaws. Then we show through numerical simulations that using single-photon source a secure QSS over 136 km can be achieved.
Quantum key agreement (QKA) is an important quantum cryptography primitive. In a QKA protocol, two or more untrusted parties can agree on an identical key in such a way that they equally influence the key and no subset can decide it alone. However, in practical QKA, the imperfections of the participant’s detectors can be exploited to compromise the security and fairness of QKA. To remove all the detector-side-channel loopholes, a measurement-device-independent multi-party QKA protocol is proposed. The protocol exploits the post-selected GHZ states to generate a secure agreement key between legitimate participants, while ensuring the fairness of key agreement. Our protocol provides a new clue for the design of practical QKA protocols.