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Institute of Physics eBooks

Introduction

Paul Hockett

Published Dec 1, 2023• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

There are two core topics at the heart of this series, specifically photoelectron spectroscopy (and associated experimental, theoretical and analysis methodologies) and quantum metrology in general. These are briefly introduced in this chapter, in the context of developing generalised quantitative analysis protocols making use of phase-sensitive observables (photoelectron interferograms), i.e. quantum metrology with photoelectrons. The general aims and context for volume 3 are also outlined, including a brief summary of the open-source computational methods used, the structure of the book, and methods to obtain the book source code.

DOI
10.1088/978-0-7503-5022-8ch1

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There are two core topics at the heart of this series, specifically photoelectron spectroscopy (and associated experimental, theoretical and analysis methodologies) and quantum metrology in general. These are briefly introduced in this chapter, in the context of developing generalised quantitative analysis protocols making use of phase-sensitive observables (photoelectron interferograms), i.e. quantum metrology with photoelectrons. The general aims and context for volume 3 are also outlined, including a brief summary of the open-source computational methods used, the structure of the book, and methods to obtain the book source code.
Since the turn of the century, the increasing availability of photoelectron imaging experiments, along with the increasing sophistication of experimental techniques, and the availability of computational resources for analysis and numerics, has allowed for significant developments in such photoelectron metrology. Quantum Metrology with Photoelectrons, Volume 2: Applications and advances discusses the fundamental concepts along with recent and emerging applications. Volume 2 explores the applications and development of quantum metrology schemes based on photoelectron measurements. The author begins with a brief historical background on 'complete' photoionization experiments, followed by the details of state reconstruction methodologies from experimental measurements. Three specific applications of quantum metrology schemes are discussed in detail. In addition, the book provides advances, future directions, and an outlook including (ongoing) work to generalise these schemes and extend them to dynamical many-body systems. Volume 2 will be of interest to readers wishing to see the (sometimes messy) details of state reconstruction from photoelectron measurements as well as explore the future prospects for this class of metrology.
Since the turn of the century, the increasing availability of photoelectron imaging experiments, along with the increasing sophistication of experimental techniques, and the availability of computational resources for analysis and numerics, has allowed for significant developments in such photoelectron metrology. Quantum Metrology with Photoelectrons, Volume 1: Foundations discusses the fundamental concepts along with recent and emerging applications. The core physics is that of photoionization, and Volume 1 addresses this topic. The foundational material is presented in part as a tutorial with extensive numerical examples and also in part as a collected reference to the relevant theoretical treatments from the literature for a range of cases. Topics are discussed with an eye to developing general quantum metrology schemes, in which full quantum state reconstruction of the photoelectron wavefunction is the goal. In many cases, code and/or additional resources are available online. Consequently, it is hoped that readers at all levels will find something of interest and that the material provides something rather different from existing textbooks.
Since the turn of the century, the increasing availability of photoelectron imaging experiments, along with the increasing sophistication of experimental techniques, and the availability of computational resources for analysis and numerics, has allowed for significant developments in such photoelectron metrology. Volume 2, Quantum Metrology with Photoelectrons: Applications and advances discusses the fundamental concepts along with recent and emerging applications.  Volume 2 explores the applications and development of quantum metrology schemes based on photoelectron measurements. The author begins with a brief historical background on complete photoionization experiments, followed by the details of state reconstruction methodologies from experimental measurements. Three specific applications of quantum metrology schemes are discussed in detail. In addition, the book provides advances, future directions, and an outlook including
In the last two decades there has been an enormous progress in the experimental investigation of single quantum systems. This progress covers fields such as quantum optics, quantum computation, quantum cryptography, and quantum metrology, which are sometimes summarized as `quantum technologies'. A key issue there is entanglement, which can be considered as the characteristic feature of quantum theory. As disparate as these various fields maybe, they all have to deal with a quantum mechanical treatment of the measurement process and, in particular, the control process. Quantum control is, according to the authors, `control for which the design requires knowledge of quantum mechanics'. Quantum control situations in which measurements occur at important steps are called feedback (or feedforward) control of quantum systems and play a central role here. This book presents a comprehensive and accessible treatment of the theoretical tools that are needed to cope with these situations. It also provides the reader with the necessary background information about the experimental developments. The authors are both experts in this field to which they have made significant contributions. After an introduction to quantum measurement theory and a chapter on quantum parameter estimation, the central topic of open quantum systems is treated at some length. This chapter includes a derivation of master equations, the discussion of the Lindblad form, and decoherence – the irreversible emergence of classical properties through interaction with the environment. A separate chapter is devoted to the description of open systems by the method of quantum trajectories. Two chapters then deal with the central topic of quantum feedback control, while the last chapter gives a concise introduction to one of the central applications – quantum information. All sections contain a bunch of exercises which serve as a useful tool in learning the material. Especially helpful are also various separate boxes presenting important background material on topics such as the block representation or the feedback gain-bandwidth relation. The two appendices on quantum mechanics and phase-space and on stochastic differential equations serve the same purpose. As the authors emphasize, the book is aimed at physicists as well as control engineers who are already familiar with quantum mechanics. It takes an operational approach and presents all the material that is needed to follow research on quantum technologies. On the other hand, conceptual issues such as the relevance of the measurement process for the interpretation of quantum theory are neglected. Readers interested in them may wish to consult instead a textbook such as Decoherence and the Quantum-to-Classical Transition by Maximilian Schlosshauer. Although the present book does not contain applications to gravity, part of its content might become relevant for the physics of gravitational-wave detection and quantum gravity phenomenology. In this respect it should be of interest also for the readers of this journal.
This introduction presents an overview of the key concepts discussed in the subsequent chapters of this book. The book develops theoretical methods in the area of quantum technologies, namely, quantum teleportation, quantum channel capacities, quantum estimation, and quantum key distribution. It focuses on the graduate students approaching the study of quantum continuous variables, or for researchers keen on gaining a first grounding in the theoretical methods to describe such systems, be it from the angle of quantum optics, of controlled quantum dynamics or, more widely, of quantum technologies. The book introduces the instruments to deal with the Hilbert space description of Gaussian systems, and analyses their quantum correlations, their information and communication capacity, their application to quantum metrology, and their use in quantum key distribution. It reports some slightly more specific notions concerning the singular value decomposition and Schur complements.