Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

Science China Physics Mechanics and Astronomy

A step toward fault-tolerant distributed quantum computing: Entangling nonlocal logical-qubit with optical quantum multiplexing

Yu‐Bo Sheng, Lan Zhou

Published Dec 14, 2023• 8 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1007/s11433-023-2258-x

Related papers

Heralded entanglement between error-protected logical qubits for fault-tolerant distributed quantum computing

Jialun Li, Zhihao Xie, Yachen Li +3 more

Science China Physics Mechanics and Astronomy•Jan 8, 2024•37 citations

Fault-Tolerant Logical Operations and Efficient State Preparation in Modular Quantum Architectures with Noisy Interfaces

S. Siddardha Chelluri, Riccardo Mengoni, Tom Darras +3 more

Modular quantum computing is a leading paradigm for scaling quantum computation beyond the resource limitations of monolithic devices. In this architecture, multiple quantum processing units (QPUs), employing identical or distinct qubit modalities, are interconnected via shared entanglement. Here, we investigate how errors at module interfaces and within individual QPUs affect fault-tolerant computation when qubits are encoded using the rotated surface code. Going beyond the logical-memory benchmark, we perform circuit-level simulations of fault-tolerant nonlocal CNOT gates implemented via lattice surgery between QPUs connected by noisy Bell pairs, and analyze the resulting logical error rates. Our results show that interfaces can tolerate noise up to an order of magnitude higher than intra-QPU noise, with only a minor reduction in the fault-tolerance threshold. We further develop an efficient protocol for preparing distributed fault-tolerant logical GHZ states, reducing ancilla overhead, time, and nonlocal Bell-pair consumption. We show that ancilla minimization in this setting is equivalent to a vertex-cover problem on an associated graph, and introduce a polynomial-time heuristic algorithm for finding low-overhead solutions. Our results provide quantitative evidence that distributed quantum error correction can enable scalable, fault-tolerant quantum computation in modular architectures.

quant-pharXiv:2607.27204•Jul 30, 2026•0 citations

Fault-tolerant quantum computing with photonics

Mercedes Gimeno-Segovia, Hugo V. Cable

SPIE Quantum Information Science, Sensing, and Computation•Jun 7, 2024•0 citations

Architectural Approaches to Fault-Tolerant Distributed Quantum Computing and Their Entanglement Overheads

Nitish Kumar Chandra, Eneet Kaur, Kaushik P. Seshadreesan

Fault tolerant quantum computation over distributed quantum computing (DQC) platforms requires careful evaluation of resource requirements and noise thresholds. As quantum hardware advances toward modular and networked architectures, various fault tolerant DQC schemes have been proposed, which can be broadly categorized into three architectural types. Type 1 architectures consist of small quantum nodes connected via Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) states, enabling nonlocal stabilizer measurements. Type 2 architectures distribute a large error correcting code block across multiple modules, with most stabilizer measurements remaining local, except for a small subset at patch boundaries that are performed using nonlocal CNOT gates. Type 3 architectures assign code blocks to distinct modules and can perform fault tolerant operations such as transversal gates, lattice surgery, and teleportation to implement logical operations between code blocks. Using the planar surface code and toric code as representative examples, we analyze how the resource requirements, particularly the number of Bell pairs and the average number of generation attempts, scale with increasing code distance across different architectural designs. This analysis provides valuable insights for identifying architectures well suited to fault tolerant distributed quantum computation under near term hardware and resource constraints.

quant-pharXiv:2511.13657•IEEE International Conference on Trust, Privacy and Security in Intelligent Systems and Applications (TPS-ISA)•Nov 18, 2025•1 citation

Fault-tolerant optical interconnects for neutral-atom arrays

Josiah Sinclair, Joshua Ramette, Brandon Grinkemeyer +3 more

We analyze the use of photonic links to enable large-scale fault-tolerant connectivity of locally error-corrected modules based on neutral atom arrays. Our approach makes use of recent theoretical results showing the robustness of surface codes to boundary noise and combines recent experimental advances in atom-array quantum computing with logical qubits with optical quantum networking techniques. We find the conditions for fault tolerance can be achieved with local two-qubit Rydberg gate and nonlocal Bell-pair errors below 1% and 10%, respectively, without requiring distillation or space-time overheads. Realizing the interconnects with a lens, a single optical cavity, or an array of cavities enables—with sufficient multiplexing—a Bell-pair generation rate in the 1–50 MHz range. When directly interfacing logical qubits, this rate translates to error-correction cycles in the 25–2000 kHz range, satisfying all requirements for fault tolerance and in the upper range fast enough for 100 kHz logical clock cycles.

arXiv:2408.08955•Physical Review Research•Mar 25, 2025•27 citations

Fault-tolerant quantum computing with photonics

Frederik K. Marqversen

•Nov 3, 2025•0 citations
Modular quantum computing is a leading paradigm for scaling quantum computation beyond the resource limitations of monolithic devices. In this architecture, multiple quantum processing units (QPUs), employing identical or distinct qubit modalities, are interconnected via shared entanglement. Here, we investigate how errors at module interfaces and within individual QPUs affect fault-tolerant computation when qubits are encoded using the rotated surface code. Going beyond the logical-memory benchmark, we perform circuit-level simulations of fault-tolerant nonlocal CNOT gates implemented via lattice surgery between QPUs connected by noisy Bell pairs, and analyze the resulting logical error rates. Our results show that interfaces can tolerate noise up to an order of magnitude higher than intra-QPU noise, with only a minor reduction in the fault-tolerance threshold. We further develop an efficient protocol for preparing distributed fault-tolerant logical GHZ states, reducing ancilla overhead, time, and nonlocal Bell-pair consumption. We show that ancilla minimization in this setting is equivalent to a vertex-cover problem on an associated graph, and introduce a polynomial-time heuristic algorithm for finding low-overhead solutions. Our results provide quantitative evidence that distributed quantum error correction can enable scalable, fault-tolerant quantum computation in modular architectures.
Fault tolerant quantum computation over distributed quantum computing (DQC) platforms requires careful evaluation of resource requirements and noise thresholds. As quantum hardware advances toward modular and networked architectures, various fault tolerant DQC schemes have been proposed, which can be broadly categorized into three architectural types. Type 1 architectures consist of small quantum nodes connected via Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) states, enabling nonlocal stabilizer measurements. Type 2 architectures distribute a large error correcting code block across multiple modules, with most stabilizer measurements remaining local, except for a small subset at patch boundaries that are performed using nonlocal CNOT gates. Type 3 architectures assign code blocks to distinct modules and can perform fault tolerant operations such as transversal gates, lattice surgery, and teleportation to implement logical operations between code blocks. Using the planar surface code and toric code as representative examples, we analyze how the resource requirements, particularly the number of Bell pairs and the average number of generation attempts, scale with increasing code distance across different architectural designs. This analysis provides valuable insights for identifying architectures well suited to fault tolerant distributed quantum computation under near term hardware and resource constraints.
We analyze the use of photonic links to enable large-scale fault-tolerant connectivity of locally error-corrected modules based on neutral atom arrays. Our approach makes use of recent theoretical results showing the robustness of surface codes to boundary noise and combines recent experimental advances in atom-array quantum computing with logical qubits with optical quantum networking techniques. We find the conditions for fault tolerance can be achieved with local two-qubit Rydberg gate and nonlocal Bell-pair errors below 1% and 10%, respectively, without requiring distillation or space-time overheads. Realizing the interconnects with a lens, a single optical cavity, or an array of cavities enables—with sufficient multiplexing—a Bell-pair generation rate in the 1–50 MHz range. When directly interfacing logical qubits, this rate translates to error-correction cycles in the 25–2000 kHz range, satisfying all requirements for fault tolerance and in the upper range fast enough for 100 kHz logical clock cycles.