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International Conference on Multimedia Communication Technologies (ICMCT)

Efficient QSDC with Identity Authentication

Xing Zheng, Chan–Tong Lam, Penousal Machado

Published Aug 4, 2023• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Although it is typically assumed that both communicating parties in quantum secure direct communication(QSDC) are trustworthy, it is essential to consider the authentication issue. An effective QSDC strategy based on identification authentication is proposed to address the issues of identity legitimacy and communication efficiency in QSDC. The proposed method authenticates and transmits messages using only four single-photon polarization states, detects eavesdropping, and authenticates the receiver's identification with a shared identity key, enabling secure message delivery while validating the receiver's identity. The approach is simple and efficient as it requires no sophisticated entanglement resources. A single-photon sequence transmitted at a time can encode the same number of message blocks of length N, i.e., every single photon contains N times its information and distinguishes them using markings. Moreover, it can be shown that the proposed QSDC with identity authentication is more resistant to typical attacks, thus more appropriate for practical implementations.

DOI
10.1109/icmct60483.2023.00010

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Although it is typically assumed that both communicating parties in quantum secure direct communication(QSDC) are trustworthy, it is essential to consider the authentication issue. An effective QSDC strategy based on identification authentication is proposed to address the issues of identity legitimacy and communication efficiency in QSDC. The proposed method authenticates and transmits messages using only four single-photon polarization states, detects eavesdropping, and authenticates the receiver's identification with a shared identity key, enabling secure message delivery while validating the receiver's identity. The approach is simple and efficient as it requires no sophisticated entanglement resources. A single-photon sequence transmitted at a time can encode the same number of message blocks of length N, i.e., every single photon contains N times its information and distinguishes them using markings. Moreover, it can be shown that the proposed QSDC with identity authentication is more resistant to typical attacks, thus more appropriate for practical implementations.
Quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) enables secure message transmission without needing pre-shared keys. To enhance the practical reliability of QSDC systems, measurement-device-independent (MDI) protocols have emerged, providing robust security in real-world applications. Despite the advantages of MDI protocols, their implementation has not yet accomplished communication using only single photons which are advantageous due to their ease of preparation and transmission. In this letter, by employing single photons, we propose a novel MDI-QSDC protocol with identity authentication. This protocol achieves mutual identity authentication between the communicating parties, Alice and Bob, enabling authenticated Alice to securely transmit her secret message directly to authenticated Bob. Theoretical analysis demonstrates the protocol is resilient to identity and message security threats. Simulations with practical experimental parameters and efficiency analysis highlight its potential in quantum communication.
In this paper an efficient quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) scheme with authentication is presented, which is based on quantum entanglement and polarized single photons. The present protocol uses Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen (EPR) pairs and polarized single photons in batches. A particle of the EPR pairs is retained in the sender's station, and the other is transmitted forth and back between the sender and the receiver, similar to the ``ping–pong'' QSDC protocol. According to the shared information beforehand, these two kinds of quantum states are mixed and then transmitted via a quantum channel. The EPR pairs are used to transmit secret messages and the polarized single photons used for authentication and eavesdropping check. Consequently, because of the dual contributions of the polarized single photons, no classical information is needed. The intrinsic efficiency and total efficiency are both 1 in this scheme as almost all of the instances are useful and each EPR pair can be used to carry two bits of information.
A new quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) scheme with authentication is proposed based on polarized photons and EPR pairs. EPR pairs are used to transmit information, while polarized photons are used to detect Eve and their encoding bases are used to transmit authentication information. Alice and Bob have their own identity number which is shared by legal users only. The identity number is encoded on the bases of polarized photons and distilled if there is no Eve. Compared with other QSDC schemes with authentication, this new scheme is considerably easier and less expensive to implement in a practical setting.
Quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) can transmit secret messages directly from one user to another without first establishing a shared secret key, which is different from quantum key distribution. In this paper, we propose a novel quantum secure direct communication protocol based on signal photons and Bell states. Before the execution of the proposed protocol, two participants Alice and Bob exchange their corresponding identity IDA and IDB through quantum key distribution and keep them secret, respectively. Then the message sender, Alice, encodes each secret message bit into two single photons (| 01〉or|10〉) or a Bell state , and composes an ordered secret message sequence. To insure the security of communication, Alice also prepares the decoy photons and inserts them into secret message sequence on the basis of the values of IDA and IDB. By the secret identity IDA and IDB, both sides of the communication can check eavesdropping and identify each other. The proposed protocol not only completes secure direct communication, but also realizes the mutual authentication. The security analysis of the proposed protocol is presented in the paper. The analysis results show that this protocol is secure against some common attacks, and no secret message leaks even if the messages are broken. Compared with the two-way QSDC protocols, the presented protocol is a one-way quantum communication protocol which has the immunity to Trojan horse attack. Furthermore, our proposed protocol can be realized without quantum memory.
The security of Quantum Secure Direct Communication (QSDC) and its authentication procedure based on multiple stages is analyzed. The security analysis shows that the process of authentication is required to be done three times based on the usage of unitary transformation that is only known between Alice and Bob. In the proposed protocol, a secure quantum handshake is utilized to share the secret polarization angle and an authentication key at the initial stage of authentication over the quantum channel. The symmetry key is used in this work to protect user data communication within the QSDC protocol, where the same secret key is used to encrypt and decrypt the message. This work adopts the information travel time (ITT) by allowing the sender to detect any interference from third parties. In addition, the operation of the Pauli-X quantum gate increases Eve’s difficulty in stealing the information. The information transmitted is then continued by sending photons once in the quantum channel, which improves the efficiency without losing the message’s security. In addition, to securely transfer the stream of messages, the proposed protocol is operated in single-stage, and the authentication is applied bit-by-bit, thus reducing the transmission time. Security checks are carried out along the data transmission process. Compared to previous protocols, this new initial authentication protocol has remarkable advantages since it does not require public communication to pre-share the authentication key and secret angles before the onset of the transmission, therefore, reducing the communication cost. Moreover, the secret authentication key and polarization angles are updated after a number of bits are sent to increase the security level. The verification process is also conducted to ensure the symmetry of the sender and receiver. The analyses presented herein demonstrate that the proposed authentication protocol is simple and secure in order to ensure the legitimacy of the users.
In this paper we propose two quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) protocols with authentication. The authentication key expansion method is introduced to improve the life of the keys with security. In the first scheme, the third party, called Trent is introduced to authenticate the users that participate in the communication. He sends the polarized photons in blocks to authenticate communication parties Alice and Bob using the authentication keys. In the communication process, polarized single photons are used to serve as the carriers, which transmit the secret messages directly. The second QSDC process with authentication between two parties is also discussed.