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Chinese Physics Letters

A New Quantum Secure Direct Communication Scheme with Authentication

Dan Liu, Changxing Pei, Dongxiao Quan, Nan Zhao

Published May 1, 2010• 41 citations
Publisher

Abstract

A new quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) scheme with authentication is proposed based on polarized photons and EPR pairs. EPR pairs are used to transmit information, while polarized photons are used to detect Eve and their encoding bases are used to transmit authentication information. Alice and Bob have their own identity number which is shared by legal users only. The identity number is encoded on the bases of polarized photons and distilled if there is no Eve. Compared with other QSDC schemes with authentication, this new scheme is considerably easier and less expensive to implement in a practical setting.

DOI
10.1088/0256-307x/27/5/050306

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A new quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) scheme with authentication is proposed based on polarized photons and EPR pairs. EPR pairs are used to transmit information, while polarized photons are used to detect Eve and their encoding bases are used to transmit authentication information. Alice and Bob have their own identity number which is shared by legal users only. The identity number is encoded on the bases of polarized photons and distilled if there is no Eve. Compared with other QSDC schemes with authentication, this new scheme is considerably easier and less expensive to implement in a practical setting.
In this paper an efficient quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) scheme with authentication is presented, which is based on quantum entanglement and polarized single photons. The present protocol uses Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen (EPR) pairs and polarized single photons in batches. A particle of the EPR pairs is retained in the sender's station, and the other is transmitted forth and back between the sender and the receiver, similar to the ``ping–pong'' QSDC protocol. According to the shared information beforehand, these two kinds of quantum states are mixed and then transmitted via a quantum channel. The EPR pairs are used to transmit secret messages and the polarized single photons used for authentication and eavesdropping check. Consequently, because of the dual contributions of the polarized single photons, no classical information is needed. The intrinsic efficiency and total efficiency are both 1 in this scheme as almost all of the instances are useful and each EPR pair can be used to carry two bits of information.
Although it is typically assumed that both communicating parties in quantum secure direct communication(QSDC) are trustworthy, it is essential to consider the authentication issue. An effective QSDC strategy based on identification authentication is proposed to address the issues of identity legitimacy and communication efficiency in QSDC. The proposed method authenticates and transmits messages using only four single-photon polarization states, detects eavesdropping, and authenticates the receiver's identification with a shared identity key, enabling secure message delivery while validating the receiver's identity. The approach is simple and efficient as it requires no sophisticated entanglement resources. A single-photon sequence transmitted at a time can encode the same number of message blocks of length N, i.e., every single photon contains N times its information and distinguishes them using markings. Moreover, it can be shown that the proposed QSDC with identity authentication is more resistant to typical attacks, thus more appropriate for practical implementations.
The security of Quantum Secure Direct Communication (QSDC) and its authentication procedure based on multiple stages is analyzed. The security analysis shows that the process of authentication is required to be done three times based on the usage of unitary transformation that is only known between Alice and Bob. In the proposed protocol, a secure quantum handshake is utilized to share the secret polarization angle and an authentication key at the initial stage of authentication over the quantum channel. The symmetry key is used in this work to protect user data communication within the QSDC protocol, where the same secret key is used to encrypt and decrypt the message. This work adopts the information travel time (ITT) by allowing the sender to detect any interference from third parties. In addition, the operation of the Pauli-X quantum gate increases Eve’s difficulty in stealing the information. The information transmitted is then continued by sending photons once in the quantum channel, which improves the efficiency without losing the message’s security. In addition, to securely transfer the stream of messages, the proposed protocol is operated in single-stage, and the authentication is applied bit-by-bit, thus reducing the transmission time. Security checks are carried out along the data transmission process. Compared to previous protocols, this new initial authentication protocol has remarkable advantages since it does not require public communication to pre-share the authentication key and secret angles before the onset of the transmission, therefore, reducing the communication cost. Moreover, the secret authentication key and polarization angles are updated after a number of bits are sent to increase the security level. The verification process is also conducted to ensure the symmetry of the sender and receiver. The analyses presented herein demonstrate that the proposed authentication protocol is simple and secure in order to ensure the legitimacy of the users.
In this paper, we propose a quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) protocol based on Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen (EPR) pairs. Previous QSDC protocols usually consume one EPR pair to transmit a single qubit. If Alice wants to transmit an n-bit message, she needs at least n/2 EPR pairs when a dense coding scheme is used. In our protocol, if both Alice and Bob preshare 2c + 1 EPR pairs with the trusted server, where c is a constant, Alice can transmit an arbitrary number of qubits to Bob. The 2c EPR pairs are used by Alice and Bob to authenticate each other and the remaining EPR pair is used to encode and decode the message qubit. Thus the total number of EPR pairs used for one communication is a constant no matter how many bits will be transmitted. It is not necessary to transmit EPR pairs before transmitting the secret message except for the preshared constant number of EPR pairs. This reduces both the utilization of the quantum channel and the risk. In addition, after the authentication, the server is not involved in the message transmission. Thus we can prevent the server from knowing the message.
In this paper we propose two quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) protocols with authentication. The authentication key expansion method is introduced to improve the life of the keys with security. In the first scheme, the third party, called Trent is introduced to authenticate the users that participate in the communication. He sends the polarized photons in blocks to authenticate communication parties Alice and Bob using the authentication keys. In the communication process, polarized single photons are used to serve as the carriers, which transmit the secret messages directly. The second QSDC process with authentication between two parties is also discussed.
Quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) is a method of communication that transmits secret information directly through a quantum channel. This paper proposes a two-step QSDC scheme based on intermediate-basis, in which the intermediate-basis Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen (EPR) pairs can assist to detect channel security and help encode information. Specifically, the intermediate-basis EPR pairs reduce the probability of Eve choosing the correct measurement basis in the first step, enhancing the security of the system. Moreover, they encode information together with information EPR pairs to improve the transmission efficiency in the second step. We consider the security of the protocol under coherent attack when Eve takes different dimensions of the auxiliary system. The simulation results show that intermediate-basis EPR pairs can lower the upper limit of the amount of information that Eve can steal in both attack scenarios. Therefore, the proposed protocol can ensure that the legitimate parties get more confidential information and improve the transmission efficiency.