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Physical Review Research

Instant extraction of nonperturbative tripartite entanglement

Diana Méndez-Avalos, Kensuke Gallock‐Yoshimura, Laura J. Henderson, Robert B. Mann

Published Dec 15, 2023• 11 citations
Publisher

Abstract

It is shown nonperturbatively that if three initially separable two-level detectors each interact with a quantum scalar field at a single instant of time, then the final state of the detectors can contain genuine tripartite entanglement of the GHZ type between the detectors. This result holds for general spatial configurations of the detectors over a broad range of their spatial separations and intervals between their couplings.

DOI
10.1103/physrevresearch.5.l042039

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It is shown nonperturbatively that if three initially separable two-level detectors each interact with a quantum scalar field at a single instant of time, then the final state of the detectors can contain genuine tripartite entanglement of the GHZ type between the detectors. This result holds for general spatial configurations of the detectors over a broad range of their spatial separations and intervals between their couplings.
We study under what circumstances a separable bipartite system A-B can or cannot become entangled through local interactions with a bilocal entangled source ${\mathrm{S}}_{1}\text{\ensuremath{-}}{\mathrm{S}}_{2}$. We obtain constraints on the general forms of the interaction Hamiltonians coupling A with S1{\mathrm{S}}_{1}S1​ and B with S2{\mathrm{S}}_{2}S2​ necessary for A and B to become entangled. We are able to generalize and provide nonperturbative insight on several previous no-go theorems of entanglement harvesting from quantum fields using these general results. We also discuss the role of communication in the process of entanglement extraction, establishing a distinction between genuine entanglement extraction and communication-assisted entanglement generation.
While spatial quantum correlations have been studied in great detail, much less is known about the genuine quantum correlations that can be exhibited by temporal processes. Employing the quantum comb formalism, processes in time can be mapped onto quantum states, with the crucial difference that temporal correlations have to satisfy causal ordering, while their spatial counterpart is not constrained in the same way. Here, we exploit this equivalence and use the tools of multipartite entanglement theory to provide a comprehensive picture of the structure of correlations that (causally ordered) temporal quantum processes can display. First, focusing on the case of a process that is probed at two points in time -- which can equivalently be described by a tripartite quantum state -- we provide necessary as well as sufficient conditions for the presence of bipartite entanglement in different splittings. Next, we connect these scenarios to the previously studied concepts of quantum memory, entanglement breaking superchannels, and quantum steering, thus providing both a physical interpretation for entanglement in temporal quantum processes, and a determination of the resources required for its creation. Additionally, we construct explicit examples of W-type and GHZ-type genuinely multipartite entangled two-time processes and prove that genuine multipartite entanglement in temporal processes can be an emergent phenomenon. Finally, we show that genuinely entangled processes across multiple times exist for any number of probing times.
Quantum correlations between identical particles are at the heart of quantum technologies. Several studies with two identical particles have shown that the spatial overlap and indistinguishability between the particles are necessary for generating bipartite entanglement. On the other hand, researches on the extension to more than two-particle systems are limited by the practical difficulty to control multiple identical particles in laboratories. In this work, we propose schemes to generate two fundamental classes of genuine tripartite entanglement, i.e., GHZ and W classes, which are experimentally demonstrated using linear optics with three identical photons. We also show that the tripartite entanglement class decays from the genuine entanglement to the full separability as the particles become more distinguishable from each other. Our results support the prediction that particle indistinguishability is a fundamental element for entangling identical particles.