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Lecture notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering

Systematic Analysis of Quantum Key Distribution Network Simulations Tools and Platforms

Ivan Cvitić, Dragan Peraković, Josip Vladava

Published Dec 14, 2023• 5 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1007/978-3-031-50051-0_1

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The exponential development in Quantum Computing is becoming a threat to the existing asymmetric cryptographic algorithms like RSA (Rivest, Shamir, Adleman). A threat to these public key cryptographic algorithms is a threat to the entire Internet itself, as algorithms like RSA are the basic building blocks of existing secure Internet communication. Thus, a new area of quantum cryptography emerged, that lead to the development of Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC) algorithms and Quantum-safe Internet protocol Quantum Key Distribution (QKD). These systems, which are generally known as Quantum Cryptographic Systems, have many practical limitations that make them complex and expensive to be implemented or even experimented with, in a real-life scenario. Therefore, to develop new protocols and analyze the feasibility of the existing protocols in a cost-effective manner, we need efficient simulation frameworks. So, in this paper, we are profiling some of the recent Quantum Cryptographic based networks and Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) simulation frameworks and conducting a systematic and thorough analysis of the implementation and functionalities of these experimental platforms, with an aim to build a universal quantum testbed in the future.
Quantum computing is advancing rapidly and thus is a major challenge to traditional schemes of cryptographies like RSA, and ECC that get their security on computational difficulty. In order to counter this challenge, a paradigm change to be proposed is quantum cryptography which is based on the application of the rules of quantum mechanics to a conditional security. In the paper, a design and implementation of an interactive simulation platform, which models two seminal quantum key distribution (QKD) protocols, namely, BB84 and E91, is proposed. Formulated with a modular architecture in Streamlit, the system allows users to simulate the transmission into qubit, visualize key pre-processing, study the quantum bit error rate (QBER) and detect any eavesdropping through CHSH inequality. The platform will be used to include functionality of real-time graphical dashboards, user authentication, and a comparative analysis segment to systematically review classical and quantum-related cryptographic methods. The effects of noise levels, adversarial interference on the QBER and key generation rates are verified, and this serves to confirm the resilience of quantum systems against eavesdropping. The tool can be used as an educational and a research tool since it offers an intuitive interface to learn the quantum concepts related to superposition or entanglement and simultaneously takes the user through the protocol functionality in different security regimes. The findings attest to the increased security capabilities of quantum cryptographic systems, thus making them a valid option in the future communication network during the post-quantum era.
Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) enables secure key exchange by leveraging quantum mechanics to provide theoretically unbreakable security. However, practical deployment of QKD networks is limited due to high costs, lack of interoperability of existing commercial products, and complex physical requirements. To address these challenges, digital twins of QKD networks provide an accessible and adaptable solution for testing and experimentation in emulated environments. This work presents the design of a digital twin model that emulates a QKD network under eavesdropping, allowing for realistic analysis of network behavior in the presence of security threats. As an initial stage, an emulation service of a QKD link with an eavesdropper has been implemented using the NetSquid simulator, offering a practical tool for testing QKD security. This model offers a versatile framework that can be adapted for use in different platforms and applications, providing not only a means to understand this threat and assess countermeasure effectiveness but also a method to analyze how attacks impact exchanged keys and the timing of key distribution.