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Temperly–Lieb Algebra and Jones–Kauffman Anyons

Steven H. Simon

Published Sep 29, 2023• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Abstract Ideas similar to that of the Kauffman bracket introduced in chapter 2 can be used to generate valid anyon theories. We begin with a planar diagram algebra defined only by the value of a loop (the loop weight). One wants to build new particle types by grouping together multiple strands of loops. However, to do so one needs so-called Jones-Wenzl projectors to orthogonalize between species resulting in the so-called Temperly-Lieb Algebra. We demonstrate this construction by building a planar diagram algebra corresponding to the Z2 loop gas (bosons, fermions, semions), and then Ising Anyons. We show how this generalizes to a much bigger set of possible theories. We show how these theories can be made unitary, and how the F-matrices may be calculated. Finally we discuss how the R-matrices can be simply obtained by returning to the Kauffman bracket rules.

DOI
10.1093/oso/9780198886723.003.0022

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Abstract Ideas similar to that of the Kauffman bracket introduced in chapter 2 can be used to generate valid anyon theories. We begin with a planar diagram algebra defined only by the value of a loop (the loop weight). One wants to build new particle types by grouping together multiple strands of loops. However, to do so one needs so-called Jones-Wenzl projectors to orthogonalize between species resulting in the so-called Temperly-Lieb Algebra. We demonstrate this construction by building a planar diagram algebra corresponding to the Z2 loop gas (bosons, fermions, semions), and then Ising Anyons. We show how this generalizes to a much bigger set of possible theories. We show how these theories can be made unitary, and how the F-matrices may be calculated. Finally we discuss how the R-matrices can be simply obtained by returning to the Kauffman bracket rules.
Abstract TQFTs, or anyon theories, have a large amount of addition mathematical structure which we explore in this chapter. We show that the quantum dimension which defines the weight of a loop in the diagram algebra is the same as the quantum dimension that describes the size of the many-anyon Hilbert space. We define the S-matrix in terms of diagrams, and the T-matrix in terms of twists. We show how the S- and T-matrices are related to the modular group of diffeomorphisms of the torus, and related further to the notion of central charge. We discuss how the many constraints on TQFTs enables one to develop a table of all possible sufficiently “small” TQFTs given certain very general conditions. We give tables for both modular and super-modular theories. We introduce the Kirby Color or Omega Strand as an important tool.
Abstract Given a discrete group, we consider planar diagrams where each edge is labeled with an element of the group, and vertices must obey the rule that multiplication of the edges incident on the vertex (in order) must yield the identity. The possible F-matrices for such a diagram are discussed and are known as 3-cocycles from the formalism of group cohomology. We discuss a simple example of building anyons from the ZN group. Noncommutative groups can be considered although they cannot describe a braided theory.
Abstract The Doubled-Semion model is another simple example of generalizing the toric code. Here we start with a planar diagram algebra that is the d=-1, Z2 loop gas. I.e, here a loop is given the value of -1. This is also known as the nontrivial cocyle of Z2. This model can be thought of as the simplest case of a twisted Kitaev Quantum Double, and it is also the simplest example of the Drinfeld double of a modular anyon theory (the double of the semion theory). In this case we construct a Hamiltonian such again we have a loop gas, but now flipping over a plaqutte incurs a sign in the wavefunction if we change the parity of the number of loops. We again turn to the tube algebra to identify the excitations of the model, which are both right- and left-handed semions. We run into a problem related to the nontrivial Frobenius-Schur indicator of the input diagram algebra. However, here we can resolve the issue by choosing a convenient gauge.
Abstract The Hamiltonian of the N-state superintegrable chiral Potts (SICP) model is written in terms of a coupled algebra defined by N − 1 types of Temperley–Lieb generators. This generalises a previous result for N = 3 obtained by Fjelstad and Månsson (2012 J. Phys. A: Math. Theor. 45 155208). A pictorial representation of a related coupled algebra is given for the N = 3 case which involves a generalisation of the pictorial presentation of the Temperley–Lieb algebra to include a pole around which loops can become entangled. For the two known representations of this algebra, the N = 3 SICP chain and the staggered spin-1/2 XX chain, closed (contractible) loops have weight 3 and weight 2, respectively. For both representations closed (non-contractible) loops around the pole have weight zero. The pictorial representation provides a graphical interpretation of the algebraic relations. A key ingredient in the resolution of diagrams is a crossing relation for loops encircling a pole which involves the parameter ρ = e 2πi/3 for the SICP chain and ρ = 1 for the staggered XX chain. These ρ values are derived assuming the Kauffman bracket skein relation.
Important developments in fault-tolerant quantum computation using the braiding of anyons have placed the theory of braid groups at the very foundation of topological quantum computing. Furthermore, the realization by Kauffman and Lomonaco that a specific braiding operator from the solution of the Yang-Baxter equation, namely the Bell matrix, is universal implies that in principle all quantum gates can be constructed from braiding operators together with single qubit gates. In this paper we present a new class of braiding operators from the Temperley-Lieb algebra that generalizes the Bell matrix to multi-qubit systems, thus unifying the Hadamard and Bell matrices within the same framework. Unlike previous braiding operators, these new operators generate directly , from separable basis states, important entangled states such as the generalized Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger states, cluster-like states, and other states with varying degrees of entanglement.
Abstract We explicitly work out the details of some simple examples anyon theories. We start with a fusion ring and using consistency conditions we build F-matrices, then the possible braidings (R-matrices). We consider Z2 fusion rules, Fibonacci fusion rules and Z3 fusion rules as simple cases. We consider Ising fusion rules, obtaining eight possible (modular) unitary braided theories. We then describe several more abelian theories, including the toric code, and general ZN anyons. These can be extended to describe all possible abelian braided theories in terms of a limited number of so-called “prime” theories.