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Frontiers in Optics

Designing Classical Header Bits for Quantum Wrapper Networking with O-band Quantum Signal

G. Gül, Mehmet Berkay On, Sunil Kumar Singh, Roberto Proietti, Gregory S. Kanter, S. J. Ben Yoo, Prem Kumar

Published Jan 1, 2023• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We investigate the impact of wavelength choice for the classical headers in quan-tum wrapper networking with O-band quantum payload. We show that a C-band header per-forms substantially better than an O-band header.
DOI
10.1364/fio.2023.jtu5a.41

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The fundamental properties of quantum mechanics, such as the no-cloning theorem, make management and control of quantum networks challenging. Quantum wrapper networking (QWN) offers a solution to this problem by wrapping quantum payloads with classical bits (as headers and/or tails) that can be used to assist with networking, performance monitoring, and probing the properties of the fiber interconnection. Since the classical header and quantum payload travel in the same fiber, one should carefully design the system to mitigate potentially deleterious effects such as noise and cross-talk. In this paper, we identify and characterize the noise induced by the classical headers by in-fiber scattering processes. We study the noise by using a tunable continuous-wave laser to emulate O-band (∼1310 nm) classical headers, which are time- and wavelength-multiplexed with O-band quantum signals. The noise is characterized as a function of the headers’ power, classical-quantum wavelength detuning, and optical fiber length. We demonstrate that the dominant noise contribution originates from spontaneous Raman scattering for wavelength detunings that are larger than 3 nm. We also observe that some noise photons can bleed into the quantum payload due to Rayleigh scattering of backward Raman scattered photons. We further investigate system level impacts of the noise created by classical headers that are produced by employing a small form-factor pluggable transceiver. We demonstrate that the associated noise level has negligible impact on quantum payloads for a 47.8 km deployed fiber link, the longest length used in QWN experiments to date, achieving a coincidences-to-accidentals ratio of 56 and a two-photon interference visibility of 88.8%.
We propose Quantum Wrapper as a novel networking technology that enables simultaneous control, management, and operation of quantum networks that coexist with classical networks. The quantum wrapper networks enable the transparent and interoperable transportation of quantum wrapper datagrams consisting of quantum payloads and, notably, classical headers, to facilitate the datagram switching without measuring or disturbing the qubits of the quantum payload. Furthermore, quantum wrapper networks can utilize the common network control and management for performance monitoring on the classical header, and infer the quantum channel quality.
We introduce a new concept of Quantum Wrapper Networking, which enables control, management, and operation of quantum networks that can co-exist with classical networks while keeping the requirements for quantum networks intact. The quantum wrapper networks (QWNs) enable the transparent and interoperable transportation of quantum wrapper datagrams consisting of quantum payloads and, notably, classical headers to facilitate the datagram switching without measuring or disturbing the qubits of the quantum payload. Furthermore, QWNs can utilize the common network control and management for performance monitoring on the classical header and infer the quantum channel quality.