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arXiv:2305.00591

Quantum Wrapper Networking

S. J. Ben Yoo, Sandeep Kumar Singh, Mehmet Berkay On, Gamze Gül, Gregory S. Kanter, Roberto Proietti, Prem Kumar

Published Apr 30, 2023• 0 citations
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Abstract

We introduce a new concept of Quantum Wrapper Networking, which enables control, management, and operation of quantum networks that can co-exist with classical networks while keeping the requirements for quantum networks intact. The quantum wrapper networks (QWNs) enable the transparent and interoperable transportation of quantum wrapper datagrams consisting of quantum payloads and, notably, classical headers to facilitate the datagram switching without measuring or disturbing the qubits of the quantum payload. Furthermore, QWNs can utilize the common network control and management for performance monitoring on the classical header and infer the quantum channel quality.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.2305.00591

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We introduce a new concept of Quantum Wrapper Networking, which enables control, management, and operation of quantum networks that can co-exist with classical networks while keeping the requirements for quantum networks intact. The quantum wrapper networks (QWNs) enable the transparent and interoperable transportation of quantum wrapper datagrams consisting of quantum payloads and, notably, classical headers to facilitate the datagram switching without measuring or disturbing the qubits of the quantum payload. Furthermore, QWNs can utilize the common network control and management for performance monitoring on the classical header and infer the quantum channel quality.
We propose Quantum Wrapper as a novel networking technology that enables simultaneous control, management, and operation of quantum networks that coexist with classical networks. The quantum wrapper networks enable the transparent and interoperable transportation of quantum wrapper datagrams consisting of quantum payloads and, notably, classical headers, to facilitate the datagram switching without measuring or disturbing the qubits of the quantum payload. Furthermore, quantum wrapper networks can utilize the common network control and management for performance monitoring on the classical header, and infer the quantum channel quality.
Adapting the architecture and protocols of classical networks to quantum networking is challenging due to the quantum mechanical properties. In this paper, we utilize a Quantum Wrapper Networking architecture that enables transparent and interoperable transportation of quantum wrapper (QW) datagrams, consisting of quantum payloads and classical headers, over optical fiber networks. We experimentally demonstrate end-to-end transportation of QW datagrams in a three-node packet-switched optical network testbed. The header and payload of a QW datagram are multiplexed in time and wavelength, i.e., the 1561.41 nm header precedes the L-band payload. A QW switch/router performs packet switching by reading the headers, generating new headers, and routing the datagrams to their destinations without disturbing quantum information in the payload. We use 20 km fiber links from the source to two distinct destinations in the testbed. Our experiments show$>22coincidence−to−accidentalratio(CAR)forbothdestinationsattwodifferentwavelengthchannelsandclearvisibility,22 coincidence-to-accidental ratio (CAR) for both destinations at two different wavelength channels and clear visibility,22coincidence−to−accidentalratio(CAR)forbothdestinationsattwodifferentwavelengthchannelsandclearvisibility,>$79%. We further investigate impairments such as chromatic dispersion and wavelength-dependent polarization rotations in the fiber. We observe that the classical headers' bit-error rate (BER) and the quantum payloads' CAR are correlated under the wavelength-independent channel attenuation. Thus, QW network control and management can utilize a type of performance monitoring. We also discuss the QW datagram design constraints and future fast packet switching implementations.
Packet-switching has been widely used in classical fiber networks for better network scalability and efficiency. Recently, we introduced packet-switching as a new paradigm in quantum networking, where quantum payloads are packetized with classical headers to construct hybrid classical-quantum data frames, and the routing decisions are made in a decentralized fashion at individual routers dynamically. While there are tremendous challenges in building a generic packet-switched quantum network, our study shows that it is possible to develop metropolitan size packet-switched quantum key distribution (QKD) networks with today’s technology. This may greatly facilitate the integration of QKD with classical communication networks and accelerate its adoption.
In a classical network the link layer is responsible for transferring a datagram between two nodes that are connected by a single link, possibly including switches. In a quantum network however, the link layer will need to provide a robust entanglement generation service between two quantum nodes which are connected by a quantum link. This service can be used by higher layers to produce entanglement between distant nodes or to perform other operations such as qubit transmission, without full knowledge of the underlying hardware and its parameters. This draft defines what can be expected from the service provided by a link layer for a Quantum Network and defines an interface between higher layers and the link layer.