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Advanced Materials

Metasurface‐Based Optical Logic Operators Driven by Diffractive Neural Networks

Xumin Ding, Zihan Zhao, Peng Xie, Dayu Cai, Fan‐Yi Meng, Cong Wang, Qun Wu, Jian Liu, Shah Nawaz Burokur, Guangwei Hu

Published Nov 30, 2023• 108 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Abstract In this paper, a novel optical logic operator based on the multifunctional metasurface driven by all‐optical diffractive neural network is reported, which can perform four principal quantum logic operations (Pauli‐X, Pauli‐Y, Pauli‐Z, and Hadamard gates). The two ground states and are characterized by two orthogonal linear polarization states. The proposed spatial‐ and polarization‐multiplexed all‐optical diffractive neural network only contains a hidden layer physically mapped as a metasurface with simple and compact unit cells, which dramatically reduces the volume and computing resources required for the system. The designed optical quantum operator is proven to achieve high fidelities for all four quantum logical gates, up to 99.96% numerically and 99.88% experimentally. The solution will facilitate the construction of large‐scale optical quantum computing systems and scalable optical quantum devices.

DOI
10.1002/adma.202308993

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Controlled quantum gates play a crucial role in enabling quantum universal operations by facilitating interactions between qubits. Direct implementation of three-qubit gates simplifies the design of quantum circuits, thereby being conducive to performing complex quantum algorithms. Here, we propose and present an experimental demonstration of a quantum Toffoli gate fully exploiting the polarization and orbital angular momentum of a single photon. The Toffoli gate is implemented using the polarized diffractive neural networks scheme, achieving a mean truth table visibility of 97.27±0.20%. We characterize the gate's performance through quantum state tomography on 216 different input states and quantum process tomography, which yields a process fidelity of 94.05±0.02%. Our method offers a novel approach for realizing the Toffoli gate without requiring exponential optical elements while maintaining extensibility to the implementation of other three-qubit gates.
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Abstract Polarization Bell states are essential resources for various quantum technologies. The most common approach for generating polarization Bell states is through the spontaneous parametric down‐conversion (SPDC) in nonlinear crystals, or more recently, in ultrathin nonlinear metasurfaces. However, both platforms typically require multiplexing two SPDC processes, each producing one of the two orthogonal polarization states whose superposition results in the Bell states. Here, a Bell state source is proposed from a nonlinear metasurface by integrating a 2D and symmetrical SiO 2 nano‐grating on a LiNbO 3 film. This metasurface supports multiple high‐Q guided mode resonances and enables enhanced generation of polarization Bell states without the need of multiplexing. Furthermore, the same metasurface enables switchable generation of two distinct Bell states with high fidelity simply by switching the pump wavelength‐a capability not achievable with conventional crystal sources. This work paves an effective way toward ultrathin, multifunctional entangled photon sources, which are essential for the development of miniaturized, scalable quantum photonic systems.