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Journal of Lightwave Technology

Strong Coupling Between in-Fiber Microcavity and Single Quantum Emitter for Long-Distance Quantum Communication

Yang Yu, Chunran Li, Yanan Yu, Nong Tian, Haochen Yan, Jianyi Luo, Ting‐Hui Xiao

Published Nov 8, 2023• 3 citations
Publisher

Abstract

High-performance single-photon sources (SPSs) are essential components for quantum information technology and have been realized by strong coupling between a single quantum emitter and an optical cavity. However, the configurations of conventional SPSs are not ideal for long-distance quantum communication as they are intrinsically incompatible with optical fibers. Here we propose and design a strong-coupling system based on a single quantum emitter directly coupled with an in-fiber microcavity. The in-fiber microcavity not only achieves a high coupling efficiency of 83% and a high Purcell factor of 360, but also pushes the coupling system to enter the strong-coupling region with a vacuum Rabi splitting up to 4.35 meV. This enables a high quantum efficiency of 99% for a SPS. Our work presents a promising platform for realizing high-performance SPSs for long-distance quantum communication.

DOI
10.1109/jlt.2023.3331237

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High-performance single-photon sources (SPSs) are essential components for quantum information technology and have been realized by strong coupling between a single quantum emitter and an optical cavity. However, the configurations of conventional SPSs are not ideal for long-distance quantum communication as they are intrinsically incompatible with optical fibers. Here we propose and design a strong-coupling system based on a single quantum emitter directly coupled with an in-fiber microcavity. The in-fiber microcavity not only achieves a high coupling efficiency of 83% and a high Purcell factor of 360, but also pushes the coupling system to enter the strong-coupling region with a vacuum Rabi splitting up to 4.35 meV. This enables a high quantum efficiency of 99% for a SPS. Our work presents a promising platform for realizing high-performance SPSs for long-distance quantum communication.
Abstract Photonic quantum technology is essentially based on the exchange of individual photons as information carriers. Therefore, the development of practical single-photon sources that emit single photons on-demand is a crucial contribution to advance this emerging technology and to promote its first real-world applications. In the last two decades, a large number of quantum light sources based on solid-state emitters have been developed on a laboratory scale. Corresponding structures today have almost ideal optical and quantum-optical properties. For practical applications, however, one crucial factor is usually missing, namely direct on-chip fiber coupling, which is essential, for example, for the direct integration of such quantum devices into fiber-based quantum networks. In fact, the development of fiber-coupled quantum light sources is still in its infancy, with very promising advances having been made in recent years. Against this background, this review article presents the current status of the development of fiber-coupled quantum light sources based on solid-state quantum emitters and discusses challenges, technological solutions and future prospects. Among other things, the numerical optimization of the fiber coupling efficiency, coupling methods, and important realizations of such quantum devices are presented and compared. Overall, this article provides an important overview of the state-of-the-art and the performance parameters of fiber-coupled quantum light sources that have been achieved so far. It is aimed equally at experts in the scientific field and at students and newcomers who want to get an overview of the current developments.
We present a novel approach to enhance the spontaneous emission rate of single quantum emitters in an optical nanofiber-based cavity by introducing a narrow air-filled groove into the cavity. Our results show that the Purcell factor for single quantum emitters inside the groove of the nanofiber-based cavity can be at least six times greater than for such an emitter on the fiber surface when using an optimized cavity mode and groove width. Moreover, the coupling efficiency of single quantum emitters into the guided mode of this nanofiber-based cavity can reach up to ∼80% with only 35 cavity-grating periods. This new system has the potential to act as an all-fiber platform to realize efficient coupling of photons from single emitters into an optical fiber for quantum information applications.
We report on the coupling of a reconfigurable high Q fiber micro-cavity to an organic color center grafted to a carbon nanotube for telecom wavelength emission of single photons in the Purcell regime. Using three complementary approaches, we assess various figures of merit of this tunable single photon source and of the cavity quantum electrodynamical effects: the brightening of the emitter is obtained by comparison of the count rates of the very same emitter in free-space and cavity coupled regimes. We demonstrate a fiber coupled single-photon output rate up to 20 MHz at 1275 nm. Using time-resolved and saturation measurements, we determine independently the radiative quantum yield and the Purcell factor of the system with values up to 30 for the smallest mode volumes. Finally, we take advantage of the tuning capability of the cavity to measure the spectral profile of the brightness of the source which gives access to the vacuum Rabi splitting g with values up to 25 μeV.
Light-matter interaction on the level of single emitters and single photons has attracted significant scientific interest in recent years. Of particular interest is strong coupling of single emitters in solid state systems and its application to quantum information processing. Due to the enormous progress in semiconductor technology it has become feasible to demonstrate strong coupling of single quantum dots in high-Q microcavity systems. Although it has been argued in these studies that it is very unlikely that several degenerated quantum dots contributed to the observed Rabi-splitting, it was not verified that the system had one and only one emitter. In this work we present proof that the emission from a strongly-coupled QD- microcavity system is dominated by a single quantum emitter.
We observe antibunching in the photons emitted from a strongly coupled single quantum dot and pillar microcavity in resonance. When the quantum dot was spectrally detuned from the cavity mode, the cavity emission remained antibunched, and also anticorrelated from the quantum dot emission. Resonant pumping of the selected quantum dot via an excited state enabled these observations by eliminating the background emitters that are usually coupled to the cavity. This device demonstrates an on-demand single-photon source operating in the strong coupling regime, with a Purcell factor of 61+/-7 and quantum efficiency of 97%.
Indistinguishable single photons in the telecom-bandwidth of optical fibers are indispensable for long-distance quantum communication. Solid-state single photon emitters have achieved excellent performance in key benchmarks, however, the demonstration of indistinguishability at room-temperature remains a major challenge. Here, we report room-temperature photon indistinguishability at telecom wavelengths from individual nanotube defects in a fiber-based microcavity operated in the regime of incoherent good cavity-coupling. The efficiency of the coupled system outperforms spectral or temporal filtering, and the photon indistinguishability is increased by more than two orders of magnitude compared to the free-space limit. Our results highlight a promising strategy to attain optimized non-classical light sources.