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National Conference on Electrical and Electronics Engineering (ELECO)

Electro-optic Pulse Drive of Josephson Arbitrary Waveform Synthesizer at UME

Tezgül Coşkun Öztürk, Ferhat Sametoğlu, Mehedin Arifoviç, Marco Kraus, Ralf Behr, Oliver Kieler

Published May 8, 2023• 2 citations
Publisher

Abstract

In this paper, the Josephson Arbitrary Waveform Synthesizer system, which is driven by electro-optical pulses, established at TUBITAK UME is introduced. The system is run in cryocooler in contrast to the previous works. Special probe which is vacuum tight is designed to immerse the superconducting circuits into the cooler. The system is designed using electro-optical devices and their drivers available in the market. Electro-optical measurements are carried out to operate the system properly. A software that controls the drivers of electro-optical devices is prepared. It has been demonstrated that the system works as planed at cryogenic temperatures by generating unipolar quantum waves and observing the IV curves of the array of JJs under electro-optical drive.

DOI
10.1109/iceee59925.2023.00062

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In this paper, the Josephson Arbitrary Waveform Synthesizer system, which is driven by electro-optical pulses, established at TUBITAK UME is introduced. The system is run in cryocooler in contrast to the previous works. Special probe which is vacuum tight is designed to immerse the superconducting circuits into the cooler. The system is designed using electro-optical devices and their drivers available in the market. Electro-optical measurements are carried out to operate the system properly. A software that controls the drivers of electro-optical devices is prepared. It has been demonstrated that the system works as planed at cryogenic temperatures by generating unipolar quantum waves and observing the IV curves of the array of JJs under electro-optical drive.
We developed an optical pulse-drive for the operation of the Josephson Arbitrary Waveform Synthesizer (JAWS) using a fast photodiode (PD) operated at 4 K, close to the JAWS chip. The optical pulses are transmitted to the PD by an easily removable optical fiber attached to it. A bare-lensed PD is mounted by flip-chip technique to a custom-made silicon-carrier chip. This carrier chip is equipped with coplanar waveguides to transmit the electrical pulses from the PD to the JAWS chip mounted on a separate printed circtuit board (PCB). The main components of this optical setup are a laser source, a high-speed Mach-Zehnder modulator, and the modulator driver. The waveform pattern is supplied by a commercial pulse pattern generator providing up to 15 GHz electrical return-to-zero (RTZ)-pulses. Unipolar sinusoidal waveforms were synthesized. Using a JAWS array with 3000 junctions, an effective output voltage of 6.6 mV root mean square (RMS) at the maximum available clock-frequency of 15 GHz was achieved. Higher harmonics were suppressed by more than 90 dBc at laser-bias operation margins of more than 1 mA.
An array of Josephson junctions (JJs) was driven with photonically generated current pulses to synthesize a high-fidelity 1 kHz bipolar voltage waveform with a quantum-based amplitude that can be directly related to fundamental constants. A photodiode capable of producing high average photocurrent was used to generate large-amplitude current pulses that were ac-coupled to a JJ array. The resulting bipolar current pulses have enabled the first demonstration of quantum-based bipolar waveform synthesis with an optical drive. We measured the quantum locking range with respect to several operating parameters, including 1.2 mA with respect to a dc bias current applied to the array, confirming the robust synthesis of bipolar waveforms.
We demonstrate a cryogenic electro-optic sampling (EOS) setup that allows for the measurement of microwave signals at arbitrary positions on a cryogenic chip-scale device. We use a Josephson Arbitrary Waveform Synthesizer (JAWS) to generate quantum-accurate voltage signals and measure them with the EOS setup, allowing for the calibration of its response, yielding traceability of the microwave measurements to a quantum standard. We use the EOS setup to determine the time-domain response of ultrafast cryogenic photodiodes and the electrical reflection coefficient, i.e., the S11 scattering parameter, in a superconducting transmission line. Finally, we introduce an optical femtosecond pulse source which can be used to study the fidelity of superconducting transmission lines and terminations, as well as reflections from elements like Josephson junction arrays imbedded in them.
The development of pulse driven Josephson arrays has led to devices capable of generating quantum referenced arbitrary and ultra pure voltages with amplitudes exceeding 2 V. The optical driving of pulses was shown to have several advantages with respect to electrical methods. On the other hand, cryocooler operation of Josephson standards is promising to simplify cryogenic management and improve output signal transmission. A novel optical interface designed for cryocooler operation is presented and the results of first tests are discussed.
We describe a new generation of Josephson Arbitrary Waveform Synthesizers that generate programmable ac waveforms with an rms amplitude of 3 V and, at 1 kHz, have a quantum locking range greater than 1 rnA. This system has two chips with a total of 204 960 Josephson junctions (JJs) co-located on a cryocooler. To test for systematic errors, we phase-shift by 180° the waveform generated by half the JJs (102 480 JJs) to produce an approximate null. The measured residual of 51 nV rms implies a relative agreement of 3 parts in 108between the two halves of the system.
An optoelectronic pulse drive system based on commercially available telecoms optoelectronic components and a field-programmable gate array has been developed. In order to allow the use of ac-coupled optoelectronic components, a method of adding and subtracting complementary pulses was developed. The system was used to drive a Josephson junction array to synthesize quantum-accurate voltage waveforms. These waveforms will be used in voltage waveform metrology applications. Results from the synthesis of sinusoidal unipolar voltage waveforms from 3 to 300 kHz are presented. The margin of operation was measured and shown to require an optical pulse height stability better than 0.15 mW. The use of delta-sigma code with repeated sections, suitable for a quantum voltage digitizer was also examined. A test code corresponding to a delta-sigma feedback loop rate of 250 MHz was used to synthesize a 3.125 kHz sinusoidal waveform.