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IEEE International Black Sea Conference on Communications and Networking

Carrier Frequency Offset Based Shared Randomness for Secure Transmission in M-PSK NOMA

Caner Göztepe, Güneş Karabulut Kurt, Berna Özbek

Published Jul 4, 2023• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Power domain non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) enhances spectral efficiency by superposing multiple users in the same time-frequency resource block at the expense of exposing the users' data. However, current approaches to improve the secrecy levels of users are limited to rate reduction. This paper proposes a secure NOMA system based on the shared randomness extracted from the reciprocal carrier frequency offsets (CFOs) between the transmitter-receiver pairs for M-ary phase-shift keying. As multiple users will have physically separated oscillators, it will result in independent CFOs among users. This randomness is used to introduce a constellation rotation in the transmitted symbols. We show that under ideal CFO estimates, the proposed approach achieves perfect secrecy among all NOMA users without introducing any rate reduction. We also demonstrate the practical applicability of the proposed approach by using a software-defined radio-based test bed.

DOI
10.1109/blackseacom58138.2023.10299798

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Power domain non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) enhances spectral efficiency by superposing multiple users in the same time-frequency resource block at the expense of exposing the users' data. However, current approaches to improve the secrecy levels of users are limited to rate reduction. This paper proposes a secure NOMA system based on the shared randomness extracted from the reciprocal carrier frequency offsets (CFOs) between the transmitter-receiver pairs for M-ary phase-shift keying. As multiple users will have physically separated oscillators, it will result in independent CFOs among users. This randomness is used to introduce a constellation rotation in the transmitted symbols. We show that under ideal CFO estimates, the proposed approach achieves perfect secrecy among all NOMA users without introducing any rate reduction. We also demonstrate the practical applicability of the proposed approach by using a software-defined radio-based test bed.
Non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) is emerging as a popular radio access technique to serve multiple users under the same resource block to improve spectral efficiency in 5G and 6G communication. But the resource sharing in NOMA causes concerns on data security. Since power domain NOMA exploits the difference in channel properties for bandwidth-efficient communication, it is feasible to ensure data confidentiality in NOMA communication through physical layer security techniques. In this work, we propose to ensure resistance against internal eavesdropping in NOMA communication through a secret key derived from channel randomness. A unique secret key is derived from the channel of each NOMA user; which is used to randomize the data of the respective user before superposition coding (SC) to prevent internal eavesdropping. The simulation results show that the proposed system provides very good security against internal eavesdropping in NOMA.
Abstract With the exponential growth of wireless communication technologies, ensuring the confidentiality of transmitted data has become paramount. This paper introduces a cutting-edge encryption scheme utilizing Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) for secure key generation. It proposes a method that utilizes an identical secret key derived from channel randomness and distance to prevent eavesdropping in NOMA communication, thus enhancing the system's resistance against potential attacks. NOMA is employed to simultaneously serve multiple users at the same time and frequency resources by applying different power levels to each user. In the proposed encryption scheme, NOMA principles combine channel randomness and user-base station distance in a non-orthogonal manner. This approach allows the generation of identical encryption keys shared by multiple users, ensuring an efficient and robust security mechanism benefits increased spectral efficiency and an improved system. The non-orthogonal of the generated encryption key enhances the security level, as it becomes harder for eavesdroppers to intercept and decipher the key. Integrating NOMA in the key generation process introduces an additional layer of unpredictability, further bolstering security. Extensive simulations and analyses were conducted to assess the proposed NOMA-based dual key extraction performance. A qualitative comparison between sources and a new proposed direction shows the Secrecy rate, key secrecy capacity, and secrecy outage probability demonstrate its effectiveness in providing a high level of security while incurring minimal overhead on the communication system.
This work presents a novel method to generate secret keys shared between a legitimate node pair (Alice and Bob) to safeguard the communication between them from an unauthorized node (Eve). To this end, we exploit the reciprocal carrier frequency offset (CFO) between the legitimate node pair to extract common randomness out of it to generate shared secret keys. The proposed key generation algorithm involves standard steps: the legitimate nodes exchange binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) signals to perform blind CFO estimation on the received signals, and do equi-probable quantization of the noisy CFO estimates followed by information reconciliation-to distil a shared secret key. Furthermore, guided by the Allan deviation curve, we distinguish between the two frequency-stability regimes-when the randomly time-varying CFO process i) has memory, ii) is memoryless; thereafter, we compute the key generation rate for both regimes. Simulation results show that the key disagreement rate decreases exponentially with increase in the signal to noise ratio of the link between Alice and Bob. Additionally, the decipher probability of Eve decreases as soon as either of the two links observed by the Eve becomes more degraded compared to the link between Alice and Bob.
The key idea of non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) is to serve multiple users in the same resource block to improve the spectral efficiency. Whereas due to the resource sharing, a security flaw of NOMA emerges in the presence of internal untrusted users, especially untrusted near users who are closer to the base station and can easily access the confidential information for paired far users. To mitigate the flaw, in this paper, we investigate the reliable and secure transmission of NOMA systems with untrusted near users, and propose joint beamforming and power allocation (JBP) scheme for the scenario. Meanwhile, from security point of view, we extend to a worse-case scenario where both untrusted near users and external eavesdroppers exist, and propose joint artificial noise aided beamforming and power allocation (JANBP) scheme to achieve a reliable and secure transmission for the scenario. The exact and asymptotic closed-form expressions of secrecy outage probability (SOP) for the two scenarios are derived to evaluate the secrecy performance achieved by the proposed schemes, respectively. The analysis and simulation results show the superiority of the proposed JBP and JANBP schemes in terms of combating internal and external eavesdropping, and also indicate the two schemes can achieve the same SOP at high SNR.
Enhancing security level against potential internal eavesdroppers in Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) has been reported as a serious challenge. In this letter, a novel secure NOMA scheme based on physical-layer security concepts is proposed. The proposed scheme exploits the random and independent channel characteristics to induce a different phase shift in each user's symbol. Based on the assumption that the instantaneous channel phase between a user and the base station is available only at both ends, other users will not be able to decode the right symbol. Analytical and simulation average bit error rate performance results demonstrate the ability of the proposed scheme to degrade the performance at the eavesdropper without affecting the performance at other legitimate users and guarantee data confidentiality of each user.
In this paper, we analyze the outage probability and secrecy capacity of a non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) system in the presence of an eavesdropper. In order to enhance spectral efficiency, a base station communicates with two users simultaneously in the same frequency band by superpimposing the transmit signals to the users in the power domain. Specifically, the user with the worse channel conditions is allocated higher power such that it is able to directly decode its signal from the received superimposed signal. At the user with the better channel conditions, the interference due to NOMA is processed by successive interference cancelation. Given these system settings and accounting for decoding thresholds, we analyze the outage probability of the NOMA system over Rayleigh fading channels. Furthermore, based on the locations of the users and eavesdropper, the secrecy capacity is analyzed to assess the level of security provided to the legitimate users in the presence of an eavesdropper. Here, the decoding thresholds of legitimate users and eavesdropper are also included in the analysis of the secrecy capacity. Through numerical results, the effects of network parameters on system performance are assessed as well as the the superiority of NOMA in terms of secrecy capacity over traditional orthogonal multiple access.