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Annalen der Physik

One‐Step Generation of Energy‐Time‐Polarization‐Hyper‐Entangled W‐Class Triphotons: Nonlinear and Linear Optical Responses

Siqiang Zhang, Haitian Tang, Jiajia Wei, Jiaxuan Wei, Irfan Ahmed, Yanpeng Zhang

Published Oct 2, 2023• 3 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Abstract Nonclassical multiphoton have attracted extensive attention to serve as entangled resources for quantum information technology. Here, the continuous‐mode hyper‐entangled W‐class triphotons are theoretically generated through spontaneous six‐wave mixing (SSWM) in 85Rb. In nonlinear optical response, Zeeman sub‐states are high‐dimensionally quantized by polarized dressing. High‐dimensional entanglement is structured via atomic non‐Hermitian nature. Through linear optical response, the temporal correlations are shaped via diverse polarized dressing. SSWM‐based triphoton is a genuine triphoton possessing non‐Gaussian tripartite entanglement. The high production rate is due to co‐action of three strong input fields, electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) protection, and slow light effect. Non‐Hermitian nature endows the system with sensitive adjustability around exceptional points (EP). Eventually, the results demonstrate multiple SSWMs causing oscillations with multiple periods in three‐photon temporal correlations for the nonlinear region, build a high‐dimensional three‐body entangled quantum network and transform multifarious profiles of the three‐photon temporal correlations for the linear region. Especially, both high‐dimensional and hyper entanglements are obtained, contributing to high quantum information capacity. Further, the system is switched among multiple states when non‐Hermitian nature is manipulated by polarized dressing. The research opens a broad prospect for generating the hyper‐entangled multiphoton with potential application in adjustable quantum networks of high information capacity.

DOI
10.1002/andp.202300208

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Abstract Nonclassical multiphoton have attracted extensive attention to serve as entangled resources for quantum information technology. Here, the continuous‐mode hyper‐entangled W‐class triphotons are theoretically generated through spontaneous six‐wave mixing (SSWM) in 85Rb. In nonlinear optical response, Zeeman sub‐states are high‐dimensionally quantized by polarized dressing. High‐dimensional entanglement is structured via atomic non‐Hermitian nature. Through linear optical response, the temporal correlations are shaped via diverse polarized dressing. SSWM‐based triphoton is a genuine triphoton possessing non‐Gaussian tripartite entanglement. The high production rate is due to co‐action of three strong input fields, electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) protection, and slow light effect. Non‐Hermitian nature endows the system with sensitive adjustability around exceptional points (EP). Eventually, the results demonstrate multiple SSWMs causing oscillations with multiple periods in three‐photon temporal correlations for the nonlinear region, build a high‐dimensional three‐body entangled quantum network and transform multifarious profiles of the three‐photon temporal correlations for the linear region. Especially, both high‐dimensional and hyper entanglements are obtained, contributing to high quantum information capacity. Further, the system is switched among multiple states when non‐Hermitian nature is manipulated by polarized dressing. The research opens a broad prospect for generating the hyper‐entangled multiphoton with potential application in adjustable quantum networks of high information capacity.
Abstract Compared with biphotons, the three‐body photons have a more plentiful energy construction. Further, excellent properties such as entangled multiqubit states, high security, flexibility, and information capacity are observed as the increased number of photons is manipulated, in turn increasing the need for a multiple‐body quantum information process. Here, a novel method is proposed to generate natural narrowband three‐body photons of W state, entangled in time (or energy) via a single step of six‐wave mixing process (SWMP). Emphasizing on the linear and nonlinear susceptibilities of the SWMP, the properties of temporal correlation of the generated triphoton in the photon coincidence counting measurements are studied. Based on the photon–atom interfaces, these susceptibilities compete or coexist with each other. Meanwhile, in a dressed‐state picture, the nonlinear susceptibility decides the temporal correlation of the triphoton wave packet as damped multiperiodic Rabi oscillation, suggesting the property of the high‐dimensional time−energy entangled triphoton state. Moreover, combining the topology energy level constructions with the optical responses is a significant method for investigating the peculiarity in the temporal correlation of the generated three‐body photons.
Abstract Sources of entangled multiphotons are not only essential for fundamental tests of quantum foundations, but are also the cornerstone of a variety of optical quantum technologies today. Over past three decades, tremendous efforts have been devoted to creating multiphoton entanglement by multiplexing existing biphoton sources with linear optics and postselections. Different from all previous protocols, here we report, for the first time, the observation of continuous-mode time-energy-entangled W-class triphotons with an unprecedented generation rate directly through the process of spontaneous six-wave mixing (SSWM) in a four-level triple-Λ atomic vapor cell. Facilitated by electromagnetically induced transparency and coherence control, our SSWM scheme enables versatile narrowband triphoton generation with many intriguing properties including long temporal coherence and controllable waveforms, ideal for implementing long-distance quantum communications, networking, and information processing by interfacing photons and atoms. Most importantly, our work paves a way for the development of a reliable and efficient genuine triphoton source, thus making the research on multiphoton entanglement within easy reach.
Entangled multiphoton sources are essential for both fundamental tests of quantum foundations and building blocks of contemporary optical quantum technologies. While efforts over the past three decades have focused on creating multiphoton entanglement through multiplexing existing biphoton sources with linear optics and postselections, our work presents a groundbreaking approach. We observe genuine continuous-mode time-energy-entangled W-class triphotons with an unprecedented production rate directly generated through spontaneous six-wave mixing (SSWM) in a four-level triple-Λ atomic vapor cell. Using electromagnetically induced transparency and coherence control, our SSWM scheme allows versatile narrowband triphoton generation with advantageous properties, including long temporal coherence and controllable waveforms. This advancement is ideal for applications like long-distance quantum communications and information processing, bridging single photons and neutral atoms. Most importantly, our work establishes a reliable and efficient genuine triphoton source, facilitating accessible research on multiphoton entanglement.
Rb. Polarization-based energy-time entanglement (output) under multiple polarized dressings is presented in detail with uncorrelated photons and Raman scattering suppressed. High-dimensional entanglement is contrived by passive non-Hermitian characteristic, and EWM-based quadphoton is genuine quadphoton with quadripartite entanglement. High quadphoton production rate is achieved from co-action of four strong input fields, and electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) slow light effect. Atomic passive non-Hermitian characteristic provides the system with acute coherent tunability around exceptional points (EPs). The results unveil multiple coherent channels (~8) inducing oscillations with multiple periods (~19) in quantum correlations, and high-dimensional (~8) four-body entangled quantum network (capacity ~65536). Coexistent hyper and high-dimensional entanglements facilitate high quantum information capacity. The system can be converted among three working states under regulating passive non-Hermitian characteristic via triple polarized dressing. The research provides a promising approach for applying hyper-entangled multiphoton to tunable quantum networks with high information capacity, whose multi-partite entanglement and multiple-degree-of-freedom properties help optimize the accuracy of quantum sensors.
In quantum communication and quantum computation, adding each entangled photon leads to an exponential increase in communication and computational capabilities. Utilizing a fifth-order nonlinear process, narrow-band non-Gaussian W-triphotons are experimentally generated through the spontaneous six -wave mixing (SSWM), but the manipulation of such entangled state in the group delay regime is still lacked. For the first time, the observation of optical precursors at the triphoton level is reported through the SSWM process. By appropriately adjusting the optical depth, optical precursors are effectively separated from the main wave through utilizing the slow-light effect to manipulate the triphoton temporal correlations in the group delay regime. In biphoton and conditional two-photon, the intensity ratio between the precursor and the main wave is tunable by adjusting the detuning and power of the laser. These pivotal breakthroughs mark a significant advancement in the study of optical precursors and open new possibilities for their application in quantum technologies.
ABSTRACT Manipulating the dissipative dynamics of multiphoton entangled states offers a novel paradigm for quantum information processing. Here, we theoretically investigate the topological dynamics of time‐energy entangled tripartite W‐states generated via spontaneous six‐wave mixing in an atomic ensemble. By constructing an effective non‐Hermitian Hamiltonian, we map energy‐level splitting onto the temporal rates of coincidence counts (RCC). We reveal that multichannel quantum interference manifests as damped Rabi oscillations, with double cascaded and double nested dressing configurations inducing complete and incomplete non‐Hermitian jumps, respectively. Furthermore, we uncover a topological “Multi‐Jump” phenomenon driven by multi‐dressed high‐order Hamiltonian exceptional points (HEPs). Under critical parameter matching, the dressing phase acts as a topological switch, guiding the system across Riemann branch cuts to form closed loops, thereby exhibiting semi‐quantum characteristics that fuse macroscopic wave evolution with microscopic discrete jumps. Deviations from criticality lead to the rupture of topological connectivity. This work provides a foundation for simulating non‐unitary jump dynamics via HEP frameworks and for designing topological‐response‐based quantum sensors.