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Physical Review Research

Three-level Λ -type microwave memory via parametric-modulation-induced transparency in a superconducting quantum circuit

Kai-I Chu, Wen-Te Liao, Yung‐Fu Chen

Published Sep 18, 2023• 5 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We investigate theoretically a type of microwave memory that is composed of a single transmon qubit and a coupling resonator. The synergy of the parametric modulation of the qubit resonance frequency and a microwave directly driving the qubit transition can constitute effective three-level $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}$-type electromagnetically induced transparency. We demonstrate that the dynamical control of such a parametric modulation allows for the possibility of microwave storage and retrieval using a single qubit. Our results pave the way towards the practical implementation of quantum information in superconducting circuits.

DOI
10.1103/physrevresearch.5.033192

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We investigate theoretically a type of microwave memory that is composed of a single transmon qubit and a coupling resonator. The synergy of the parametric modulation of the qubit resonance frequency and a microwave directly driving the qubit transition can constitute effective three-level \ensuremathΛ\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}\ensuremathΛ-type electromagnetically induced transparency. We demonstrate that the dynamical control of such a parametric modulation allows for the possibility of microwave storage and retrieval using a single qubit. Our results pave the way towards the practical implementation of quantum information in superconducting circuits.
Three-level Lambda systems provide a versatile platform for quantum optical phenomena such as Electromagnetically Induced Transparency (EIT), slow light, and quantum memory. Such Lambda systems have been realized in several quantum hardware platforms including atomic systems, superconducting artificial atoms, and meta-structures. Previous experiments involving superconducting artificial atoms incorporated coupling to additional degrees of freedom, such as resonators or other superconducting atoms. In this work, we performed an EIT experiment in microwave frequency range utilizing a single Fluxonium qubit within a microwave waveguide. The Lambda system is consisted of two plasmon transitions in combination with one metastable state originating from the fluxon transition. In this configuration, the controlling and probing transitions are strongly coupled to the transmission line, safeguarding the transition between 0 and 1 states, and ensuring the Fluxonium qubit is close to the sweet spot. Our observations include the manifestation of EIT, a slowdown of light with a delay time of 217 ns, and photon storage. These results highlight the potential as a phase shifter or quantum memory for quantum communication in superconducting circuits.
We study the slowing, storing, and releasing of microwave pulses in a superconducting circuit composed of two coplanar waveguide resonators and a superconducting transmon-type qubit. The quantum interference analogy to electromagnetically induced transparency is created in two coupled resonators. By tuning the resonance frequency of the transmon, we dynamically tune the effective coupling between the resonators. Via the modulation of the coupling, we show the tunable true time delay of microwave pulses at the single-photon level. We also store the microwave field in a high-QQQ resonator and release the signal from it to the output port. Our scheme promises applications in both quantum information processing and classical wireless communications.
Quantum networks will enable extraordinary capabilities for communicating and processing quantum information. These networks require a reliable means of storage, retrieval, and manipulation of quantum states at the network nodes. A node receives one or more coherent inputs and sends a conditional output to the next cascaded node in the network through a quantum channel. Here, we demonstrate this basic functionality by using the quantum interference mechanism of electromagnetically induced transparency in a transmon qubit coupled to a superconducting resonator. First, we apply a microwave bias, i.e., drive, to the qubit-cavity system to prepare a Λ-type three-level system of polariton states. Second, we input two interchangeable microwave signals, i.e., a probe tone and a control tone, and observe that transmission of the probe tone is conditional upon the presence of the control tone that switches the state of the device with up to 99.73% transmission extinction. Importantly, our electromagnetically induced transparency scheme uses all dipole allowed transitions. We infer high dark state preparation fidelities of >99.39% and negative group velocities of up to -0.52±0.09 km/s based on our data.
Recent progresses in Josephson-junction-based superconducting circuits have propelled quantum information processing forward. However, the lack of a metastable state in most superconducting artificial atoms hinders the development of photonic quantum memory in this platform. Here we use a single superconducting qubit-resonator system to realize a desired Λ -type artificial atom, and to demonstrate slow light with a group velocity of 3.6 km/s and the microwave storage with a memory time extending to several hundred nanoseconds via electromagnetically induced transparency. Our results highlight the potential of achieving microwave quantum memory, promising substantial advancements in quantum information processing within superconducting circuits.
In the circuit quantum electrodynamics architecture, both the resonance frequency and the coupling of superconducting qubits to microwave field modes can be controlled via external electric and magnetic fields to explore qubit-photon dynamics in a wide parameter range. Here, we experimentally demonstrate and analyze a scheme for tuning the coupling between a transmon qubit and a microwave resonator using a single coherent drive tone. We treat the transmon as a three-level system, with the qubit subspace defined by the ground and the second excited states. If the drive frequency matches the difference between the resonator and the qubit frequencies, a Jaynes-Cummings-type interaction is induced, which is tunable in both amplitude and phase. We show that coupling strengths of about 10 MHz can be achieved in our setup, limited only by the anharmonicity of the transmon qubit. This scheme has been successfully used to generate microwave photons with a controlled temporal shape [M. Pechal et al., Phys. Rev. X 4, 041010 (2014)] and can be directly implemented with superconducting quantum devices featuring larger anharmonicity for higher coupling strengths.
Microwave storage and retrieval are essential capabilities for superconducting quantum circuits. Here, we demonstrate an on-chip multimode resonator in which strong parametric modulation induces a large and tunable normal-mode splitting that enables microwave storage. When the spectral bandwidth of a short microwave pulse covers the two dressed-state absorption peaks, part of the pulse is absorbed and undergoes coherent energy exchange between the modes, producing a clear time-domain beating signal. By switching off the modulation before the beating arrives, we realize on-demand storage and retrieval, demonstrating an alternative approach to microwave photonic quantum memory. This parametric-normal-mode-splitting protocol offers a practical route toward a controllable quantum-memory mechanism in superconducting circuits.