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Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe & European Quantum Electronics Conference (CLEO/Europe-EQEC)

Generation and Parallel Manipulation of Frequency Entangled Qubits from a 21 GHz Silicon-On-Insulator Micro-Resonator

Antoine Henry, Dario Fioretto, Lorenzo Proccopio, Stéphane Montfray, F. Bœuf, Laurent Vivien, Éric Cassan, Carlos Alonso‐Ramos, Kamel Bencheikh, Isabelle Zaquine, Nadia Belabas

Published Jun 26, 2023• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The Silicon On Insulator (SOI) is a promising platform for the generation of correlated and entangled photon pairs, as silicon photonics inherits the precise, mature, and accurate technologies from Silicon micro-electronics and allows the large-scale production of integrated photonic chips. In particular, high-quality-factor micro-resonators are well suited for producing telecom-wavelength bi-photon frequency combs, key elements for quantum information, as telecom photons are good candidates for the future links between quantum communication nodes or quantum computers [1]. Using the frequency domain for encoding information is an elegant way to access a high-dimensional Hilbert space, in one spatial mode. Recent progress in the manipulation using electro-optics devices leveraged versatile applications [2] and Hadamard gates have been implemented with classical light [3]

DOI
10.1109/cleo/europe-eqec57999.2023.10232256

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The Silicon On Insulator (SOI) is a promising platform for the generation of correlated and entangled photon pairs, as silicon photonics inherits the precise, mature, and accurate technologies from Silicon micro-electronics and allows the large-scale production of integrated photonic chips. In particular, high-quality-factor micro-resonators are well suited for producing telecom-wavelength bi-photon frequency combs, key elements for quantum information, as telecom photons are good candidates for the future links between quantum communication nodes or quantum computers [1]. Using the frequency domain for encoding information is an elegant way to access a high-dimensional Hilbert space, in one spatial mode. Recent progress in the manipulation using electro-optics devices leveraged versatile applications [2] and Hadamard gates have been implemented with classical light [3]
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Quantum optical microcombs in integrated ring resonators generate entangled photon pairs over many spectral modes, and allow the preparation of high dimensional qudit states. Ideally, those sources should be programmable and have a high generation rate, with comb lines tightly spaced for the implementation of efficient qudit gates based on electro-optic frequency mixing. While these requirements cannot all be satisfied by a single resonator device, for which there is a trade-off between high generation rate and tight bin spacing, a promising strategy is the use of multiple resonators, each generating photon pairs in specific frequency bins via spontaneous four-wave mixing. Based on this approach we present a programmable silicon photonics device for the generation of frequency bin entangled qudits, in which bin spacing, qudit dimension, and bipartite quantum state can be reconfigured on-chip. Using resonators with a radius of 22 microns, we achieve a high brightness (MHz/(mW)^2) per comb line with a bin spacing of 15 GHz, and fidelities above 85% with maximally entangled Bell states up to a Hilbert space dimension of sixteen. By individually addressing each spectral mode, we realize states that can not be generated on-chip using a single resonator. We measure the correlation matrices of maximally entangled two-qubit and two-qutrit states on a set of mutually unbiased bases, finding fidelities exceeding 98%, and indicating that the source can find application in high-dimensional secure communication protocols.
We present a quantum-mechanical theory to describe narrowband photon-pair generation via four-wave mixing in a Silicon-on-Insulator (SOI) micro-resonator. We also provide design principles for efficient photon-pair generation in an SOI micro-resonator through extensive numerical simulations. Microring cavities are shown to have a much wider dispersion-compensated frequency range than straight cavities. A microring with an inner radius of 8 μm can output an entangled photon comb of 21 pairwise-correlated peaks (42 comb lines) spanning from 1.3 μm to 1.8 μm. Such on-chip quantum photonic devices offer a path toward future integrated quantum photonics and quantum integrated circuits.
This work reports recent progress in developing silicon photonic circuits for on-chip generation and manipulation of entangled photon pairs. We successfully integrated three essential functions— photon-pair source, pump filtering, and demultiplexing—into a single silicon chip. Key performance results include a high-quality resonator (Q-factor > 100,000), pump rejection over 80 dB, and efficient signal-idler separation with minimal crosstalk (better than 40 dB). These advancements pave the way for high-brightness photon-pair generation and manipulation, beneficial for quantum applications.
Silicon quantum photonics promises to take quantum optics to the large scale, where single photons carry the quantum information which can accelerate difficult computational problems, provide perfectly secure communication, or allow high-accuracy measurements. The silicon photonics platform offers miniature, high-yield, and high-performance photonics which are integrable with CMOS electronics and telecommunications-band optics. To date, only non-scalable photon-pair sources, based on spontaneous four-wave mixing (SFWM) in straight silicon waveguides have been shown to interfere [1]. Until now, single-photon experiments in silicon [2] have exclusively used an off-chip apparatus, such as a silica arrayed waveguide grating, to control and manipulate photon frequency. We present a silicon-on-insulator quantum photonic device (Fig. 1a) able to generate and analyse two maximally entangled qubits. We use this device to demonstrate high-visibility quantum interferencebetween resonant SFWM sources (analogous to [1]), phase-stable frequency-selection, and quantum state tomography. We varied the phase  to obtain the fringes shown in Fig. 1b, with a visibility of 96.8%. This high visibility indicates that the two microring sources are substantially identical. We setup the entangled state via the on-chip 17-dB extinction filters, and used quantum state tomography to analyse it (Fig. 1c). We measured a fidelity of 0.8. This is the first time an entangled state of photonic qubits has been both generated and analysed on-chip, and this generation has been done in a way which is scalable to larger photon number. These results represent a new step towards fully silicon-integrated quantum photonics.